{"title":"Bird Collection","description":"\u003cp\u003eOur Bird Collection features some of the most beautiful antique bird prints available. The study of birds has been a fascination of man since time began. Naturalists like John Gould and his illustrator wife Elizabeth Gould spent a lifetime producing illustration for his Ornithological works that educated the world to the beauty of these majestic animals.\u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"aganthiza-by-silvester-diggles","title":"Bird, Diggles, Silvester, Aganthiza, Published in Brisbane, 1866-1870","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAganthiza by Silvester Diggles\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDate: 1866 - 1870\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: Silvester Diggles \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePublished: Brisbane\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePaper Size: 275mm x 370mm\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $250\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCondition: Excellent \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: Original lithograph with later hand colouring.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Group of 6 birds. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo read about Diggles, Silvester \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/silvester-diggles-1817-1880\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":31561092268118,"sku":"","price":250.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Aganthiza_by_Silvester_Diggles.jpg?v=1576024383"},{"product_id":"aure-breasted-porphyrio-by-silvester-diggles","title":"Bird, Diggles, Silvester, Aure-breasted Porphyrio, c1870","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAure-breasted Porphyrio by Silvester Diggles\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eDate: 1817-1880\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eArtist: Silvester Diggles \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePaper Size: 275mm x 370mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eCondition: Excellent \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eTechnique: Original lithograph with later hand colouring. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eTo read about Diggles, Silvester \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/silvester-diggles-1817-1880\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":31561122775126,"sku":"","price":199.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Aure-breasted_Porphyrio_by_Silvester_Diggles.jpg?v=1576024790"},{"product_id":"black-falcon-silvester-diggles","title":"Bird, Diggles, Silvester, Falco Subniger, c1870","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBirds Black Falcon - Silvester Diggles\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eDate: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eArtist: Silvester Diggles \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eImage Size: 275mm x 370mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eCondition: Excellent \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePrice: $250\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eTechnique: Original lithograph with later hand colouring.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eo read about Diggles, Silvester\u003c\/span\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/silvester-diggles-1817-1880\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":31561140273238,"sku":"","price":250.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Black_Falcon_-_Silvester_Diggles.jpg?v=1576025022"},{"product_id":"honey-eaters-by-silvester-diggles","title":"Bird, Diggles, Silvester, Honey Eaters, Brisbane , 1886 -1870","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHoney Eaters - by Silvester Diggles\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eDate: 1866-1870\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eArtist: Silvester Diggles\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePublisher: Published in Brisbane \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePrice: $250\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePrint Size: 275mm x 375mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eCondition: Excellent \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eTechnique: Original lithograph with later hand colouring.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eTo read about Diggles, Silvester \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/silvester-diggles-1817-1880\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":31561143320662,"sku":"","price":250.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Honey_Eaters_-_by_Silvester_Diggles.jpg?v=1576025094"},{"product_id":"large-tailed-goatsucker-by-silvester-diggles","title":"Bird, Diggles, Silvester, Large-Tailed Goatsucker, 1866 - 1870","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eLarge-Tailed\u003cstrong\u003e Goatsucker by Silvester Diggles\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eDate: 1866-1870\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eArtist: Silvester Diggles \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePrice: $325\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePrint size: 275 x 370mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eCondition: Excellent \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eTechnique: Original lithograph with later hand colouring.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eTo read about Diggles, Silvester \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/silvester-diggles-1817-1880\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":31561145548886,"sku":"","price":325.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Large-Tailed_Goatsucker_by_Silvester_Diggles.jpg?v=1576025158"},{"product_id":"plotus-novae-hollandie-by-silvester-diggles-1","title":"Bird, Diggles, Silvester, Plotus Novae Hollandiae, 1817-1880","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlotus Novae Hollandiae by Silvester Diggles \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eDate: 1817-1880\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eArtist: Silvester Diggles \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePrice: $250\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eCondition: Excellent \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eTechnique: Original lithograph with later hand colouring.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eTo read about Diggles, Silvester \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/silvester-diggles-1817-1880\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":31561150496854,"sku":"","price":250.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Plotus_Novae_Hollandie_by_Silvester_Diggles_1.jpg?v=1576025283"},{"product_id":"plotus-novae-hollandie-by-silvester-diggles","title":"Bird, Diggles, Silvester, Plotus Novae Hollandie","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlotus Novae Hollandie by Silvester Diggles \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eDate: 1817-1880\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eArtist: Silvester Diggles \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePrice: $ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eCondition: Excellent \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eTechnique: Original lithograph with later hand colouring.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eTo read about Diggles, Silvester \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/silvester-diggles-1817-1880\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":31561158328406,"sku":"","price":250.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Plotus_Novae_Hollandie_by_Silvester_Diggles.jpg?v=1576025373"},{"product_id":"podiceps-austalis-by-silvester-diggles","title":"Bird, Diggles, Silvester, Podiceps, Austalis, 1866 - 1870","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePodiceps Austalis - by Silvester Diggles\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eDate: 1866-1870\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eArtist: Silvester Diggles \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePrice: $250\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eCondition: Excellent \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eTechnique: Original lithograph with later hand colouring.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eTo read about Diggles, Silvester \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/silvester-diggles-1817-1880\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":31561162424406,"sku":"","price":250.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Podiceps_Austalis_-_by_Silvester_Diggles.jpg?v=1576025435"},{"product_id":"set-of-three-birds-by-silvester-diggles","title":"Bird, Diggles, Silvester, Set of Three Birds, Published in Brisbane","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSet of Three Birds - by Silvester Diggles\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eDate: 1817-1880\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eArtist: Silvester Diggles \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePrice: $250\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eCondition: Excellent \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eTechnique: Original lithograph with later hand colouring.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eTo read about Diggles, Silvester \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/silvester-diggles-1817-1880\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/silvester-diggles-1817-1880\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":31561165176918,"sku":"","price":250.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Set_of_Three_Birds_-_by_Silvester_Diggles.jpg?v=1576025490"},{"product_id":"motacilla-by-john-white","title":"Bird, White, John, Motacilla ,c1789 , Surgeon General, First Fleet","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #212b36;\"\u003eBirds: Motacilla by John White c1789\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDate: 1789\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: White, John: Surgeon General to First Fleet\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEngraver: Stone S\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublisher: Debrett J\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSize: 245 x 195mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCondition: very good\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: copperplate engraving\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $395.00\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Hand coloured, copperplate engraving\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: These original engravings are historically significant as they were drawn by the Surgeon General to the First Fleet. As such, White's significant work..\"Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales\" is rated up there in reference to Natural History. These prints are very collectable.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTo read about White, John \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/the-story-of-john-white\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/the-story-of-john-white\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/the-story-of-john-white\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/the-story-of-john-white\"\u003elick here\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"3971\" class=\"biographyContent textContent\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":31763271319638,"sku":"","price":395.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Motacilla_by_John_White.jpg?v=1579059971"},{"product_id":"the-white-vented-crow-by-john-white","title":"Bird, White, John, The White Vented Crow, Surgeon General First Fleet, c1789","description":"\u003cp\u003eThe White Vented Crow by John White\u003cbr\u003e \u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDate: 1789\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: White, John: Surgeon General to First Fleet\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEngraver: Stone S\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublisher: Debrett J\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSize: 245 x 195mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCondition: very good\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: copperplate engraving\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $395.00\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Hand coloured, copperplate engraving \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: These original engravings are historically significant as they were drawn by the Surgeon General to the First Fleet. As such, White's significant work..\"Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales\" is rated up there in reference to Naural History. These prints are very collectable.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTo read about White, John \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/the-story-of-john-white\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/the-story-of-john-white\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/the-story-of-john-white\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/the-story-of-john-white\"\u003elick here\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"biographyContent textContent\" id=\"3971\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":31763287212118,"sku":"","price":395.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/The_White_Vented_Crow_by_John_White.jpg?v=1579060054"},{"product_id":"wattled-bee-eater-by-john-white","title":"Bird, White, John, Wattled Bee Eater, 1789","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWattled Bee Eater by John White\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDate: 1789\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: White, John: Surgeon General to First Fleet\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEngraver: Stone S\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublisher: Debrett J\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSize: 245 x 195mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCondition: very good\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: copperplate engraving\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $395.00\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Hand coloured, copperplate engraving \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: These original engravings are historically significant as they were drawn by the Surgeon General to the First Fleet. As such, White's significant work..\"Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales\" is rated up there in reference to Naural History. These prints are very collectable.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTo read about White, John \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/the-story-of-john-white\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/the-story-of-john-white\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/the-story-of-john-white\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/the-story-of-john-white\"\u003elick here\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"3971\" class=\"biographyContent textContent\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":31763293798486,"sku":"","price":395.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Wattled_Bee_Eater_by_John_White.jpg?v=1579060148"},{"product_id":"broinowski-gracius-j","title":"Bird: Broinowski Gracius J, Black Swan, c1891","description":"\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDate: c1891\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: Broinowski, Gracius J\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEngraver: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePaper Size: 360 x 255mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCondition: good\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eTechnique: lithograph printed in colour (chromolithograph)\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $95\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Chromolithograph from the Birds of Australia \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTo read about Broinowski, Gracius Joseph \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/gracius-joseph-broinowski\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/gracius-joseph-broinowski\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":31933926834262,"sku":"","price":95.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-BroinowskiGraciusJ-BlackSwan-LithographPrintedincolour-c1891-_95-360x265mm.jpg?v=1588826855"},{"product_id":"bird-de-buffon-birds-by-george-louis-leclerc-comte-de-buffon-c-1789","title":"Bird: de Buffon,  Birds by George-Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon, c 1789","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBirds, George-Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDate: c1789\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: Tavier\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHand Colour: Thorel\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePublisher: Leclerc George Louis\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEngraver: Pretre\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePaper Size: 155 x 245mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCondition: good, tonal markings on edges\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: steel engraving,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $100\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: original steel engraving, hand coloured\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Biography: \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eGeorges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 7 September 1707-16 April 1788 \u003c\/span\u003ewas a \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_people\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eFrench\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_history\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003enaturalist\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mathematician\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003emathematician\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmology\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ecosmologist\u003c\/a\u003e, and \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclop%C3%A9distes\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eencyclopédiste\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eHis works influenced the next two generations of naturalists, including \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eJean-Baptiste Lamarck\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges_Cuvier\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eGeorges Cuvier\u003c\/a\u003e. Buffon published thirty-six \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quarto\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003equarto\u003c\/a\u003e volumes of his \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Histoire_Naturelle\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eHistoire Naturelle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e during his lifetime; with additional volumes based on his notes and further research being published in the two decades following his death.\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-1\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernst_Mayr\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eErnst Mayr\u003c\/a\u003e wrote that \"Truly, Buffon was the father of all thought in natural history in the second half of the 18th century\".\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-Mayrp330-2\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBuffon held the position of \u003cem\u003eintendant\u003c\/em\u003e (director) at the Jardin du Roi, now called the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jardin_des_Plantes\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eJardin des Plantes\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eGeorges Louis Leclerc (later Comte de Buffon) was born at \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montbard\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eMontbard\u003c\/a\u003e, in the Province of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burgundy_(historical_region)\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBurgundy\u003c\/a\u003e to Benjamin Francois Leclerc, a minor local official in charge of the salt tax and Anne-Christine Marlin also from a family of civil servants. Georges was named after his mother's uncle (his godfather) Georges Blaisot, the tax-farmer of the Duke of Savoy for all of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sicily\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eSicily\u003c\/a\u003e. In 1714 Blaisot died childless, leaving a considerable fortune to his seven-year-old godson. Benjamin Leclerc then purchased an estate containing the nearby village of Buffon and moved the family to Dijon acquiring various offices there as well as a seat in the Dijon Parlement.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eGeorges attended the Jesuit College of Godrans in Dijon from the age of ten onwards. From 1723–1726 he then studied law in Dijon, the prerequisite for continuing the family tradition in civil service. In 1728 Georges left Dijon to study mathematics and medicine at the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Angers\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eUniversity of Angers\u003c\/a\u003e in France. At Angers in 1730 he made the acquaintance of the young English \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evelyn_Pierrepont,_2nd_Duke_of_Kingston-upon-Hull\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eDuke of Kingston\u003c\/a\u003e, who was on his grand tour of Europe, and traveled with him on a large and expensive entourage for a year and a half through southern France and parts of Italy. Georges-Louis Leclerc had an elder brother, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pierre_Daubenton\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePierre Daubenton\u003c\/a\u003e (1703–1776), who wrote numerous articles for the \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclop%C3%A9die\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eEncyclopédie\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e by \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Denis_Diderot\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eDiderot\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eThere are persistent but completely undocumented rumors from this period about duels, abductions and secret trips to England. In 1732 after the death of his mother and before the impending remarriage of his father, Georges left Kingston and returned to Dijon to secure his inheritance. Having added 'de Buffon' to his name while traveling with the Duke, he repurchased the village of Buffon, which his father had meanwhile sold off. With a fortune of about 80 000 \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_livre\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003elivres\u003c\/a\u003e Buffon set himself up in Paris to pursue science, at first primarily mathematics and mechanics, and the increase of his fortune.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCareer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn 1732 he moved to \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eParis\u003c\/a\u003e, where he made the acquaintance of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voltaire\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eVoltaire\u003c\/a\u003e and other intellectuals. He first made his mark in the field of mathematics and, in his \u003cem\u003eSur le jeu de franc-carreau\u003c\/em\u003e, introduced differential and integral \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calculus\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ecalculus\u003c\/a\u003e into \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Probability_theory\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eprobability theory\u003c\/a\u003e; the problem of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buffon%27s_needle\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBuffon's needle\u003c\/a\u003e in \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Probability_theory\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eprobability theory\u003c\/a\u003e is named after him. In 1734 he was admitted to the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Academy_of_Sciences\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eFrench Academy of Sciences\u003c\/a\u003e. During this period he corresponded with the Swiss mathematician \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gabriel_Cramer\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eGabriel Cramer\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eHis protector \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_Count_of_Maurepas\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eMaurepas\u003c\/a\u003e had asked the Academy of Sciences to do research on wood for the construction of ships in 1733. Soon afterward, Buffon began a long-term study, performing some of the most comprehensive tests to date on the mechanical properties of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wood\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ewood\u003c\/a\u003e. Included were a series of tests to compare the properties of small specimens with those of large members. After carefully testing more than a thousand small specimens without knots or other defects, Buffon concluded that it was not possible to extrapolate to the properties of full-size timbers, and he began a series of tests on full-size structural members.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn 1739 he was appointed head of the Parisian Jardin du Roi with the help of Maurepas; he held this position to the end of his life. Buffon was instrumental in transforming the Jardin du Roi into a major research centre and museum. He also enlarged it, arranging the purchase of adjoining plots of land and acquiring new botanical and zoological specimens from all over the world\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eThanks to his talent as a writer, he was invited to join Paris's second great academy, the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eAcadémie française\u003c\/a\u003e in 1753. In his \u003cem\u003eDiscours sur le style\u003c\/em\u003e (\"Discourse on Style\"), pronounced before the Académie française, he said, \"Writing well consists of thinking, feeling and expressing well, of clarity of mind, soul and taste ... The style is the man himself\" (\"\u003cem\u003eLe style c'est l'homme même\u003c\/em\u003e\").\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-3\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e Unfortunately for him, Buffon's reputation as a literary stylist also gave ammunition to his detractors: The mathematician \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean_le_Rond_D%27Alembert\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eJean le Rond D'Alembert\u003c\/a\u003e, for example, called him \"the great phrase-monger\".\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn 1752 Buffon married Marie-Françoise de Saint-Belin-Malain, the daughter of an impoverished noble family from Burgundy, who was enrolled in the convent school run by his sister. Madame de Buffon's second child, a son born in 1764, survived childhood; she herself died in 1769. When in 1772 Buffon became seriously ill and the promise that his son (then only 8) should succeed him as director of the Jardin became clearly impracticable and was withdrawn, the King raised Buffon's estates in Burgundy to the status of a county – and thus Buffon (and his son) became a Count. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences\u003c\/a\u003e in 1782.\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-AAAS-4\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e Buffon died in Paris in 1788.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eHe was buried in a chapel adjacent to the church of Sainte-Urse Montbard; during the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Revolution\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eFrench Revolution\u003c\/a\u003e, his tomb was broken into and the lead that covered the coffin was ransacked to produce bullets. His \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heart\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eheart\u003c\/a\u003e was initially saved, as it was guarded by \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suzanne_Necker\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eSuzanne Necker\u003c\/a\u003e (wife of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacques_Necker\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eJacques Necker\u003c\/a\u003e), but was later lost. Today, only Buffon's \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cerebellum\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ecerebellum\u003c\/a\u003e remains, as it is kept in the base of the statue by \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pajou\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePajou\u003c\/a\u003e that \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_XVI\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eLouis XVI\u003c\/a\u003e had commissioned in his honor in 1776, located at the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Museum_of_Natural_History\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eMuseum of Natural History\u003c\/a\u003e in \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eParis\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublications\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBuffon's \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Histoire_naturelle\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eHistoire naturelle, générale et particulière\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e (1749–1788: in 36 volumes; an additional volume based on his notes appeared in 1789) was originally intended to cover all three \"kingdoms\" of nature but the \u003cem\u003eHistoire naturelle\u003c\/em\u003e ended up being limited to the animal and mineral kingdoms, and the animals covered were only the birds and quadrupeds. \"Written in a brilliant style, this work was read ... by every educated person in Europe\".\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-Mayrp330-2\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e Those who assisted him in the production of this great work included \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis-Jean-Marie_Daubenton\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eLouis-Jean-Marie Daubenton\u003c\/a\u003e, Philibert Guéneau de Montbeillard, and Gabriel-Léopold Bexon, along with numerous artists. Buffon's \u003cem\u003eHistoire naturelle\u003c\/em\u003e was translated into many different languages, making him one of the most widely read authors of the day, a rival to \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montesquieu\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eMontesquieu\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rousseau\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eRousseau\u003c\/a\u003e, and \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voltaire\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eVoltaire\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn the opening volumes of the \u003cem\u003eHistoire naturelle\u003c\/em\u003e Buffon questioned the usefulness of mathematics, criticized \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl_Linnaeus\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eCarl Linnaeus\u003c\/a\u003e's taxonomical approach to natural history, outlined a history of the Earth with little relation to the Biblical account, and proposed a theory of reproduction that ran counter to the prevailing theory of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Preformationism\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003epre-existence\u003c\/a\u003e. The early volumes were condemned by the Faculty of Theology at the Sorbonne. Buffon published a retraction, but he continued publishing the offending volumes without any change.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn the course of his examination of the animal world, Buffon noted that despite similar environments, different regions have distinct plants and animals, a concept later known as Buffon's Law. This is considered to be the first principle of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biogeography\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ebiogeography\u003c\/a\u003e. He made the suggestion that species may have both \"improved\" and \"degenerated\" after dispersing from a center of creation. In volume 14 he argued that all the world's \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quadruped\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003equadrupeds\u003c\/a\u003e had developed from an original set of just thirty-eight quadrupeds.\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-6\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e On this basis, he is sometimes considered a \"transformist\" and a precursor of Darwin. He also asserted that \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate_change_(general_concept)\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eclimate change\u003c\/a\u003e may have facilitated the worldwide spread of species from their centers of origin. Still, interpreting his ideas on the subject is not simple, for he returned to topics many times in the course of his work\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBuffon considered the similarities between humans and apes, but ultimately rejected the possibility of a common descent. He debated with \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eJames Burnett, Lord Monboddo\u003c\/a\u003e on the relationship of the primates to man, Monboddo insisting, against Buffon, on a close relationship.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eAt one point, Buffon propounded a theory that nature in the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_World\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eNew World\u003c\/a\u003e was inferior to that of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eurasia\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eEurasia\u003c\/a\u003e. He argued that the Americas were lacking in large and powerful creatures, and that even the people were less virile than their European counterparts. He ascribed this inferiority to the marsh odors and dense forests of the American continent. These remarks so incensed \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Jefferson\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eThomas Jefferson\u003c\/a\u003e that he dispatched twenty soldiers to the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Hampshire\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eNew Hampshire\u003c\/a\u003e woods to find a bull \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moose\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003emoose\u003c\/a\u003e for Buffon as proof of the \"stature and majesty of American quadrupeds\".\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-bullmoose-8\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e Buffon later admitted his error.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn \u003cem\u003eLes époques de la nature\u003c\/em\u003e (1778) Buffon discussed the origins of the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solar_system\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003esolar system\u003c\/a\u003e, speculating that the planets had been created by a \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comet\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ecomet\u003c\/a\u003e's collision with the sun.\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-9\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e He also suggested that the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Age_of_the_Earth\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eearth originated\u003c\/a\u003e much earlier than 4004 BC, the date determined by Archbishop \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Ussher\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eJames Ussher\u003c\/a\u003e. Basing his figures on the cooling rate of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iron\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eiron\u003c\/a\u003e tested at his Laboratory the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Petit_Fontenet.JPG\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePetit Fontenet\u003c\/a\u003e at \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montbard\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eMontbard\u003c\/a\u003e, he calculated that the age of the earth was 75,000 years. Once again, his ideas were condemned by the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sorbonne\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eSorbonne\u003c\/a\u003e, and once again he issued a retraction to avoid further problems.\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-10\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[10]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eRacial studies\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBuffon and \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johann_Blumenbach\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eJohann Blumenbach\u003c\/a\u003e were believers in \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monogenism\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003emonogenism\u003c\/a\u003e, the concept that all races have a single origin. They also believed in the \"Degeneration theory\" of racial origins. They both said that \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adam_and_Eve\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eAdam and Eve\u003c\/a\u003e were \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caucasian_race\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eCaucasian\u003c\/a\u003e and that other races came about by \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Degeneration\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003edegeneration\u003c\/a\u003e from environmental factors, such as the sun and poor diet. They believed that the degeneration could be reversed if proper environmental control was taken, and that all contemporary forms of man could revert to the original \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caucasian_race\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eCaucasian race\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBuffon and Blumenbach claimed that \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pigmentation\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003epigmentation\u003c\/a\u003e arose because of the heat of the tropical sun. They suggested cold wind caused the tawny colour of the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eskimos\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eEskimos\u003c\/a\u003e. They thought the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_people\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eChinese\u003c\/a\u003e relatively fair-skinned compared to the other Asian stocks because they kept mostly in towns and were protected from environmental factors. Buffon said that food and the mode of living could make races degenerate and distinguish them from the original Caucasian race.\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-Harris-11\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[11]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBelieving in \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monogenism\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003emonogenism\u003c\/a\u003e, Buffon thought that skin color could change in a single lifetime, depending on the conditions of climate and diet. Buffon was an advocate of the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asia_hypothesis\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eAsia hypothesis\u003c\/a\u003e; in his \u003cem\u003eHistoire Naturelle\u003c\/em\u003e, he argued that humans' birthplace must be in a high temperate zone. As he believed good climate conditions would breed healthy humans, he hypothesized that the most logical place to look for the first humans' existence would be in Asia and around the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caspian_Sea\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eCaspian Sea\u003c\/a\u003e region.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32428629983318,"sku":"","price":100.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/lamesangehuppeeTc5_110.jpg?v=1618014166"},{"product_id":"bird-trogon-ambiguus-by-j-e-gould-1","title":"Bird, Gould, John,  Trogon Ambiguus, REPRODUCTION, 1955","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis is a reproduction of a rare \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/collections\/john-gould-birds\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJohn Gould\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e print — TROGON AMBIGUUS, 1955.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003ch3\u003eAbout the Artist\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eJohn Gould (1804–1881) was one of the most celebrated ornithological illustrators of the 19th century, often called the \"Bird Man\" of Victorian England. His landmark work \u003cem\u003eThe Birds of Australia\u003c\/em\u003e (1840–1848) introduced the world to Australia's extraordinary avian life, while his broader body of work spanning Europe, Asia and the Americas set the gold standard for natural history illustration. Gould's prints are prized by collectors worldwide for their extraordinary scientific accuracy, vivid hand-finished colouring, and their role in shaping our understanding of natural history.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/latest\/john-gould-the-birds-of-great-britain\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRead the full John Gould biography →\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFeatures:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThis reproduction is a true representation of the original print and has very slight age markings\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrinted on museum quality matte paper\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf you have any questions about our wall art prints please \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/pages\/contact-us\" target=\"_blank\"\u003econtact our friendly Customer Care team\u003c\/a\u003e prior to placing your order and they will be more than happy to help!\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32428761055318,"sku":"","price":50.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Bird-TrogonAmbiguus-byJ_EGould_08a2c993-3c38-41d4-9400-bebf5f45126e.jpg?v=1588823011"},{"product_id":"bird-gould-john-carpodacus-erythrinus-1875-1888","title":"Bird, Gould, John, Carpodacus Erythrinus ,  1875 - 1888","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis is a reproduction of a rare \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/collections\/john-gould-birds\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJohn Gould\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e print — CARPODACUS ERYTHRINUS, 1875–1888.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003ch3\u003eAbout the Artist\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eJohn Gould (1804–1881) was one of the most celebrated ornithological illustrators of the 19th century, often called the \"Bird Man\" of Victorian England. His landmark work \u003cem\u003eThe Birds of Australia\u003c\/em\u003e (1840–1848) introduced the world to Australia's extraordinary avian life, while his broader body of work spanning Europe, Asia and the Americas set the gold standard for natural history illustration. Gould's prints are prized by collectors worldwide for their extraordinary scientific accuracy, vivid hand-finished colouring, and their role in shaping our understanding of natural history.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/latest\/john-gould-the-birds-of-great-britain\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRead the full John Gould biography →\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFeatures:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThis reproduction is a true representation of the original print and has very slight age markings\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrinted on museum quality matte paper\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf you have any questions about our wall art prints please \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/pages\/contact-us\" target=\"_blank\"\u003econtact our friendly Customer Care team\u003c\/a\u003e prior to placing your order and they will be more than happy to help!\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32428888227926,"sku":"","price":2200.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/CarpodcausErythrinus.jpg?v=1589949522"},{"product_id":"copy-of-bird-gould-john-trogon-ambiguus-1875-1888","title":"Bird, Gould, John, Euspiza Luteola  REPRODUCTION, 1955","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis is a reproduction of a rare \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/collections\/john-gould-birds\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJohn Gould\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e print — EUSPIZA LUTEOLA, 1955.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003ch3\u003eAbout the Artist\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eJohn Gould (1804–1881) was one of the most celebrated ornithological illustrators of the 19th century, often called the \"Bird Man\" of Victorian England. His landmark work \u003cem\u003eThe Birds of Australia\u003c\/em\u003e (1840–1848) introduced the world to Australia's extraordinary avian life, while his broader body of work spanning Europe, Asia and the Americas set the gold standard for natural history illustration. Gould's prints are prized by collectors worldwide for their extraordinary scientific accuracy, vivid hand-finished colouring, and their role in shaping our understanding of natural history.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/latest\/john-gould-the-birds-of-great-britain\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRead the full John Gould biography →\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFeatures:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThis reproduction is a true representation of the original print and has very slight age markings\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrinted on museum quality matte paper\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf you have any questions about our wall art prints please \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/pages\/contact-us\" target=\"_blank\"\u003econtact our friendly Customer Care team\u003c\/a\u003e prior to placing your order and they will be more than happy to help!\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32429040599126,"sku":"","price":50.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-EuspizaLuteolabyJ.Gould_H.C.Richter.jpg?v=1588825780"},{"product_id":"bird-gould-john-linota-cannabina-1875-1888","title":"Bird, Gould, John, Linota Cannabina, 1875-1888","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis is a reproduction of a rare \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/collections\/john-gould-birds\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJohn Gould\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e print — LINOTA CANNABINA, 1875–1888.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003ch3\u003eAbout the Artist\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eJohn Gould (1804–1881) was one of the most celebrated ornithological illustrators of the 19th century, often called the \"Bird Man\" of Victorian England. His landmark work \u003cem\u003eThe Birds of Australia\u003c\/em\u003e (1840–1848) introduced the world to Australia's extraordinary avian life, while his broader body of work spanning Europe, Asia and the Americas set the gold standard for natural history illustration. Gould's prints are prized by collectors worldwide for their extraordinary scientific accuracy, vivid hand-finished colouring, and their role in shaping our understanding of natural history.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/latest\/john-gould-the-birds-of-great-britain\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRead the full John Gould biography →\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFeatures:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThis reproduction is a true representation of the original print and has very slight age markings\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrinted on museum quality matte paper\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf you have any questions about our wall art prints please \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/pages\/contact-us\" target=\"_blank\"\u003econtact our friendly Customer Care team\u003c\/a\u003e prior to placing your order and they will be more than happy to help!\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32429051445334,"sku":"","price":2200.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-LinotaCannabinabyJGould_HCRichter.jpg?v=1588825911"},{"product_id":"bird-broinowski-gracius-j-blue-reef-heron-c1891","title":"Bird: Broinowski Gracius J, Blue Reef Heron, White Reef Heron, c1891","description":"\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDate: c1891\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: Broinowski, Gracius J\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEngraver: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePaper Size: 360 x 255mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCondition: good\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eTechnique: lithograph printed in colour (chromolithograph)\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $95\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Chromolithograph from the Birds of Australia \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTo read about Broinowski, Gracius Joseph \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/gracius-joseph-broinowski\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/gracius-joseph-broinowski\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32429150175318,"sku":"","price":95.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-BroinowskiGraciusJ-BlueReefHeron_WhiteReefHeron-LithographPrintedincolour-c1891-_95-360x265mm.jpg?v=1588827579"},{"product_id":"bird-broinowski-gracius-j-swamp-quail-and-sombre-swamp-quail-c1891","title":"Bird: Broinowski Gracius J, Swamp Quail and Sombre Swamp Quail, c1891","description":"\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDate: c1891\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: Broinowski, Gracius J\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEngraver: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePaper Size: 360 x 255mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCondition: good\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eTechnique: lithograph printed in colour (chromolithograph)\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $95\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Chromolithograph from the Birds of Australia \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTo read about Broinowski, Gracius Joseph \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/gracius-joseph-broinowski\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/gracius-joseph-broinowski\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32429207191638,"sku":"","price":95.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-BroinowskiGraciusJ-SwampQuail_SombreSwampQuail-LithographPrintedincolour-c1891-_95-360x265mm.jpg?v=1588827859"},{"product_id":"bird-broinowski-gracius-j-group-of-acanthiza-c1891","title":"Bird: Broinowski Gracius J, Group of Acanthiza, c1891","description":"\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDate: c1891\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: Broinowski, Gracius J\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEngraver: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePaper Size: 360 x 255mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCondition: good\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eTechnique: lithograph printed in colour (chromolithograph)\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $195\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Chromolithograph from the Birds of Australia \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTo read about Broinowski, Gracius Joseph \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/gracius-joseph-broinowski\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/gracius-joseph-broinowski\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32429243007062,"sku":"","price":95.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-BroinowskiGraciusJ-GroupofAcanthiza-LithographPrintedincolour-c1891-_60-360x265mm.jpg?v=1588828296"},{"product_id":"bird-keulemans-john-gerard-s-keulemans-john-gerrard-bonellis-warbler-wood-wren-c1876-1880-lithograph-hand-coloured-350-245-x-320mm","title":"Bird, Keulemans John Gerard, Bonellis Warbler \u0026 Wood Wren,  c1876 - 1880,","description":"\u003cp\u003eDate: 1876 - 1880\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: Keulemans John Gerrard\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePaper Size: 240 x 345mm \u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCondition: good\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: Lithograph\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $350.00\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Hand coloured lithograph\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Biography: \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJohn Gerard Keulemans\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeulemans was born in Rotterdam. As a young man, he collected animal specimens for museums such as the Natural History Museum in Leiden, whose director, Hermann Schlegel, encouraged Keulemans and sent him on the 1864 expedition to West Africa. In 1869, he was persuaded to illustrate his \u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Family of Kingfishers\u003c\/em\u003e (1868-1871) and to move to England where he lived for the rest of his life. He was married twice and had eight children by his first wife and seven children by his second wife. Only nine of his children reached adulthood. He also wrote topics on spirituality and claimed he had a premonition at the moment of death of one of his sons. He died in Ilford, Essex, (now part of Greater London) and is buried in Buckingham Road Cemetery, Ilford, in an unmarked grave. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeulemans regularly provided illustrations for \u003cem\u003eThe Ibis\u003c\/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eThe Proceedings of the Zoological Society\u003c\/em\u003e. He illustrated many important bird books, including “\u003cem\u003eA History of the Birds of New Zealand\u003c\/em\u003e(1873, 1888)”, \u003cem\u003eHistory of the Birds of Ceylon\u003c\/em\u003e (1880)” “\u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Bucerotidae\u003c\/em\u003e (hornbills) (1887–1892)” “\u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Turdidae (thrushes)\u003c\/em\u003e (1902),” “\u003cem\u003eBiologia Centrali-Americana\u003c\/em\u003e (1879–1904), “.\u003cem\u003eBirds of South Africa\u003c\/em\u003e (1887)” and “ \u003cem\u003eHistory of the Birds of Europe\u003c\/em\u003e (1871–1896)” and a single illustration in \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of the Linnean Society\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of his last great achievements was his contribution of over one hundred plates for “\u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Petrels\u003c\/em\u003e (1907–1910).” He also spent some time collecting birds in Cape Verde and West Africa \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe only significant biography of Keulemans is by Jan Coldewey and Tony Keulemans, \u003cem\u003eFeathers to Brush\u003c\/em\u003e, a book that includes a bibliography of the artist's publications, a genealogical tree, and appendices detailing his spiritualism, with a sample of his financial correspondence. Also of note is a contemporary obituary of Keulemans in the journal \u003cem\u003eBritish Birds\u003c\/em\u003e (1912). Tony Keulemans later wrote \u003cem\u003eBeyond the grave\u003c\/em\u003e, which tells the story of a remarkable discovery of a painting John Gerrard had made of his own gravestone. And finally, Tony Keulemans wrote an errata list to \u003cem\u003eFeathers to Brush\u003c\/em\u003e, which includes additional literature references and new genealogical findings.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeulemans's work is characterized by its consistency, showing little change over the course of his career, and focused to an extraordinary degree on the rendering of fine detail. These generalizations have also proven to be the basis for unjustified criticism of his work,[5] since the nature of scientific illustration places a premium on consistency. Aside from this, a number of critics have rightly placed Keulemans above his contemporaries;[6] his ability to create accurate and vivid representations of birds gave him prominence in his field.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Keulemans was prodigious in his output - he was commissioned to paint pictures of birds extensively throughout his career, and his prints were published continuously from 1867 to 1911. Keulemans' first prints appeared in two books by Francois Pollen, \u003cem\u003eContributions a l'histoire naturelle des Lemuriens\u003c\/em\u003e (1867) and \u003cem\u003eEen blik in Madagascar\u003c\/em\u003e (1867). Some appeared after his death until 1915 (Mathews, \u003cem\u003eBirds of Australia\u003c\/em\u003e); he had rendered the images on stone well before the publication of these works. A calculation of his total output gives about 4,000-5,000 published illustrations. The vast majority of these were vignettes published within octavo-size books and publications, and a great number of his works also appeared in quarto (Dresser\/\u003cem\u003eEurope\u003c\/em\u003e) and in-folio (Seebohm\/\u003cem\u003eTurdidae\u003c\/em\u003e and DuCane Godman\/\u003cem\u003ePetrels\u003c\/em\u003e). While the subject of his illustrations was almost entirely avian, he was also commissioned to create portraits of mammals, insects, and shells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost of the illustrations by Keulemans were produced through traditional lithography, allowing for a finished product that depicts a vivid, lifelike figure through depth and tone. Printing was carried out by the two firms of Mintern and Hanhart, and early in his career, some were printed by P. M. W. Trap. Often, the published lithographs were not coloured, and perhaps some (\u003cem\u003eJournal of the Linnean Society\u003c\/em\u003e, 1878) were not intended to be coloured. The technique of lithography made it necessary for the print to be coloured by hand. This was done by semi-skilled artisans working in an assembly line in a manner similar to stenciling. While Keulemans' talents as a draughtsman were hardly disputed by his contemporaries, often the finished, coloured plates were the subject of criticism (Sharpe\/\u003cem\u003eAlcedinidae\u003c\/em\u003e). If the depicted colours did not match those of the birds, the value of the finished product was diminished.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32429296844886,"sku":null,"price":350.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-KeulemansJohnGerrard-BonellisWarbler_WoodWren-c1876-1880lithograph-handcoloured-_350-245x320mm.jpg?v=1588828967"},{"product_id":"bird-keulemans-john-gerard-buff-throated-sunbird-c1876-1880","title":"Bird, Keulemans John Gerard, Buff Throated Sunbird,  c1876 - 1880,","description":"\u003cp\u003eDate: 1876 - 1880\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: Keulemans John Gerrard\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePaper Size: 245 x 345mm \u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCondition: good\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: Lithograph\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $350.00\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Hand coloured lithograph\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Biography: \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJohn Gerard Keulemans\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeulemans was born in Rotterdam. As a young man, he collected animal specimens for museums such as the Natural History Museum in Leiden, whose director, Hermann Schlegel, encouraged Keulemans and sent him on the 1864 expedition to West Africa. In 1869, he was persuaded to illustrate his \u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Family of Kingfishers\u003c\/em\u003e (1868-1871) and to move to England where he lived for the rest of his life. He was married twice and had eight children by his first wife and seven children by his second wife. Only nine of his children reached adulthood. He also wrote topics on spirituality and claimed he had a premonition at the moment of death of one of his sons. He died in Ilford, Essex, (now part of Greater London) and is buried in Buckingham Road Cemetery, Ilford, in an unmarked grave. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeulemans regularly provided illustrations for \u003cem\u003eThe Ibis\u003c\/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eThe Proceedings of the Zoological Society\u003c\/em\u003e. He illustrated many important bird books, including “\u003cem\u003eA History of the Birds of New Zealand\u003c\/em\u003e(1873, 1888)”, \u003cem\u003eHistory of the Birds of Ceylon\u003c\/em\u003e (1880)” “\u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Bucerotidae\u003c\/em\u003e (hornbills) (1887–1892)” “\u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Turdidae (thrushes)\u003c\/em\u003e (1902),” “\u003cem\u003eBiologia Centrali-Americana\u003c\/em\u003e (1879–1904), “.\u003cem\u003eBirds of South Africa\u003c\/em\u003e (1887)” and “ \u003cem\u003eHistory of the Birds of Europe\u003c\/em\u003e (1871–1896)” and a single illustration in \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of the Linnean Society\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of his last great achievements was his contribution of over one hundred plates for “\u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Petrels\u003c\/em\u003e (1907–1910).” He also spent some time collecting birds in Cape Verde and West Africa \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe only significant biography of Keulemans is by Jan Coldewey and Tony Keulemans, \u003cem\u003eFeathers to Brush\u003c\/em\u003e, a book that includes a bibliography of the artist's publications, a genealogical tree, and appendices detailing his spiritualism, with a sample of his financial correspondence. Also of note is a contemporary obituary of Keulemans in the journal \u003cem\u003eBritish Birds\u003c\/em\u003e (1912). Tony Keulemans later wrote \u003cem\u003eBeyond the grave\u003c\/em\u003e, which tells the story of a remarkable discovery of a painting John Gerrard had made of his own gravestone. And finally, Tony Keulemans wrote an errata list to \u003cem\u003eFeathers to Brush\u003c\/em\u003e, which includes additional literature references and new genealogical findings.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeulemans's work is characterized by its consistency, showing little change over the course of his career, and focused to an extraordinary degree on the rendering of fine detail. These generalizations have also proven to be the basis for unjustified criticism of his work,[5] since the nature of scientific illustration places a premium on consistency. Aside from this, a number of critics have rightly placed Keulemans above his contemporaries;[6] his ability to create accurate and vivid representations of birds gave him prominence in his field.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Keulemans was prodigious in his output - he was commissioned to paint pictures of birds extensively throughout his career, and his prints were published continuously from 1867 to 1911. Keulemans' first prints appeared in two books by Francois Pollen, \u003cem\u003eContributions a l'histoire naturelle des Lemuriens\u003c\/em\u003e (1867) and \u003cem\u003eEen blik in Madagascar\u003c\/em\u003e (1867). Some appeared after his death until 1915 (Mathews, \u003cem\u003eBirds of Australia\u003c\/em\u003e); he had rendered the images on stone well before the publication of these works. A calculation of his total output gives about 4,000-5,000 published illustrations. The vast majority of these were vignettes published within octavo-size books and publications, and a great number of his works also appeared in quarto (Dresser\/\u003cem\u003eEurope\u003c\/em\u003e) and in-folio (Seebohm\/\u003cem\u003eTurdidae\u003c\/em\u003e and DuCane Godman\/\u003cem\u003ePetrels\u003c\/em\u003e). While the subject of his illustrations was almost entirely avian, he was also commissioned to create portraits of mammals, insects, and shells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost of the illustrations by Keulemans were produced through traditional lithography, allowing for a finished product that depicts a vivid, lifelike figure through depth and tone. Printing was carried out by the two firms of Mintern and Hanhart, and early in his career, some were printed by P. M. W. Trap. Often, the published lithographs were not coloured, and perhaps some (\u003cem\u003eJournal of the Linnean Society\u003c\/em\u003e, 1878) were not intended to be coloured. The technique of lithography made it necessary for the print to be coloured by hand. This was done by semi-skilled artisans working in an assembly line in a manner similar to stenciling. While Keulemans' talents as a draughtsman were hardly disputed by his contemporaries, often the finished, coloured plates were the subject of criticism (Sharpe\/\u003cem\u003eAlcedinidae\u003c\/em\u003e). If the depicted colours did not match those of the birds, the value of the finished product was diminished.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32429302448214,"sku":null,"price":350.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-KeulemansJohnGerrard-Buff-ThroatedSun-Birdc1876-1880lithograph-handcoloured-_350-245x320mm_2.jpg?v=1588829223"},{"product_id":"bird-keulemans-john-gerard-cinnyris-bouvieri-c1876-1880","title":"Bird, Keulemans John Gerard, Cinnyris Bouvieri,  c1876 - 1880,","description":"\u003cp\u003eDate: 1876 - 1880\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: Keulemans John Gerrard\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePaper Size: 245 x 345mm \u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCondition: good\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: Lithograph\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Hand coloured lithograph\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBiography: \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJohn Gerard Keulemans\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeulemans was born in Rotterdam. As a young man, he collected animal specimens for museums such as the Natural History Museum in Leiden, whose director, Hermann Schlegel, encouraged Keulemans and sent him on the 1864 expedition to West Africa. In 1869, he was persuaded to illustrate his \u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Family of Kingfishers\u003c\/em\u003e (1868-1871) and to move to England where he lived for the rest of his life. He was married twice and had eight children by his first wife and seven children by his second wife. Only nine of his children reached adulthood. He also wrote topics on spirituality and claimed he had a premonition at the moment of death of one of his sons. He died in Ilford, Essex, (now part of Greater London) and is buried in Buckingham Road Cemetery, Ilford, in an unmarked grave. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeulemans regularly provided illustrations for \u003cem\u003eThe Ibis\u003c\/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eThe Proceedings of the Zoological Society\u003c\/em\u003e. He illustrated many important bird books, including “\u003cem\u003eA History of the Birds of New Zealand\u003c\/em\u003e(1873, 1888)”, \u003cem\u003eHistory of the Birds of Ceylon\u003c\/em\u003e (1880)” “\u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Bucerotidae\u003c\/em\u003e (hornbills) (1887–1892)” “\u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Turdidae (thrushes)\u003c\/em\u003e (1902),” “\u003cem\u003eBiologia Centrali-Americana\u003c\/em\u003e (1879–1904), “.\u003cem\u003eBirds of South Africa\u003c\/em\u003e (1887)” and “ \u003cem\u003eHistory of the Birds of Europe\u003c\/em\u003e (1871–1896)” and a single illustration in \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of the Linnean Society\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of his last great achievements was his contribution of over one hundred plates for “\u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Petrels\u003c\/em\u003e (1907–1910).” He also spent some time collecting birds in Cape Verde and West Africa \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe only significant biography of Keulemans is by Jan Coldewey and Tony Keulemans, \u003cem\u003eFeathers to Brush\u003c\/em\u003e, a book that includes a bibliography of the artist's publications, a genealogical tree, and appendices detailing his spiritualism, with a sample of his financial correspondence. Also of note is a contemporary obituary of Keulemans in the journal \u003cem\u003eBritish Birds\u003c\/em\u003e (1912). Tony Keulemans later wrote \u003cem\u003eBeyond the grave\u003c\/em\u003e, which tells the story of a remarkable discovery of a painting John Gerrard had made of his own gravestone. And finally, Tony Keulemans wrote an errata list to \u003cem\u003eFeathers to Brush\u003c\/em\u003e, which includes additional literature references and new genealogical findings.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeulemans's work is characterized by its consistency, showing little change over the course of his career, and focused to an extraordinary degree on the rendering of fine detail. These generalizations have also proven to be the basis for unjustified criticism of his work,[5] since the nature of scientific illustration places a premium on consistency. Aside from this, a number of critics have rightly placed Keulemans above his contemporaries;[6] his ability to create accurate and vivid representations of birds gave him prominence in his field.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Keulemans was prodigious in his output - he was commissioned to paint pictures of birds extensively throughout his career, and his prints were published continuously from 1867 to 1911. Keulemans' first prints appeared in two books by Francois Pollen, \u003cem\u003eContributions a l'histoire naturelle des Lemuriens\u003c\/em\u003e (1867) and \u003cem\u003eEen blik in Madagascar\u003c\/em\u003e (1867). Some appeared after his death until 1915 (Mathews, \u003cem\u003eBirds of Australia\u003c\/em\u003e); he had rendered the images on stone well before the publication of these works. A calculation of his total output gives about 4,000-5,000 published illustrations. The vast majority of these were vignettes published within octavo-size books and publications, and a great number of his works also appeared in quarto (Dresser\/\u003cem\u003eEurope\u003c\/em\u003e) and in-folio (Seebohm\/\u003cem\u003eTurdidae\u003c\/em\u003e and DuCane Godman\/\u003cem\u003ePetrels\u003c\/em\u003e). While the subject of his illustrations was almost entirely avian, he was also commissioned to create portraits of mammals, insects, and shells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost of the illustrations by Keulemans were produced through traditional lithography, allowing for a finished product that depicts a vivid, lifelike figure through depth and tone. Printing was carried out by the two firms of Mintern and Hanhart, and early in his career, some were printed by P. M. W. Trap. Often, the published lithographs were not coloured, and perhaps some (\u003cem\u003eJournal of the Linnean Society\u003c\/em\u003e, 1878) were not intended to be coloured. The technique of lithography made it necessary for the print to be coloured by hand. This was done by semi-skilled artisans working in an assembly line in a manner similar to stenciling. While Keulemans' talents as a draughtsman were hardly disputed by his contemporaries, often the finished, coloured plates were the subject of criticism (Sharpe\/\u003cem\u003eAlcedinidae\u003c\/em\u003e). If the depicted colours did not match those of the birds, the value of the finished product was diminished.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32429321453654,"sku":null,"price":350.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-KeulemansJohnGerrard-CinnyrisBouvieric1876-1880lithograph-handcoloured-_395-245x320mm.jpg?v=1588829361"},{"product_id":"copy-of-bird-keulemans-john-gerard-cinnyris-sangirensis-c1876-1880","title":"Bird, Keulemans John Gerard, Cinnyris Sangirensis, c1876 - 1880","description":"\u003cp\u003eDate: 1876 - 1880\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: Keulemans John Gerrard\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePaper Size: 245 x 345mm \u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCondition: good\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: Lithograph\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $350.00\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Hand coloured lithograph\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Biography: \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJohn Gerard Keulemans\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeulemans was born in Rotterdam. As a young man, he collected animal specimens for museums such as the Natural History Museum in Leiden, whose director, Hermann Schlegel, encouraged Keulemans and sent him on the 1864 expedition to West Africa. In 1869, he was persuaded to illustrate his \u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Family of Kingfishers\u003c\/em\u003e (1868-1871) and to move to England where he lived for the rest of his life. He was married twice and had eight children by his first wife and seven children by his second wife. Only nine of his children reached adulthood. He also wrote topics on spirituality and claimed he had a premonition at the moment of death of one of his sons. He died in Ilford, Essex, (now part of Greater London) and is buried in Buckingham Road Cemetery, Ilford, in an unmarked grave. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeulemans regularly provided illustrations for \u003cem\u003eThe Ibis\u003c\/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eThe Proceedings of the Zoological Society\u003c\/em\u003e. He illustrated many important bird books, including “\u003cem\u003eA History of the Birds of New Zealand\u003c\/em\u003e(1873, 1888)”, \u003cem\u003eHistory of the Birds of Ceylon\u003c\/em\u003e (1880)” “\u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Bucerotidae\u003c\/em\u003e (hornbills) (1887–1892)” “\u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Turdidae (thrushes)\u003c\/em\u003e (1902),” “\u003cem\u003eBiologia Centrali-Americana\u003c\/em\u003e (1879–1904), “.\u003cem\u003eBirds of South Africa\u003c\/em\u003e (1887)” and “ \u003cem\u003eHistory of the Birds of Europe\u003c\/em\u003e (1871–1896)” and a single illustration in \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of the Linnean Society\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of his last great achievements was his contribution of over one hundred plates for “\u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Petrels\u003c\/em\u003e (1907–1910).” He also spent some time collecting birds in Cape Verde and West Africa \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe only significant biography of Keulemans is by Jan Coldewey and Tony Keulemans, \u003cem\u003eFeathers to Brush\u003c\/em\u003e, a book that includes a bibliography of the artist's publications, a genealogical tree, and appendices detailing his spiritualism, with a sample of his financial correspondence. Also of note is a contemporary obituary of Keulemans in the journal \u003cem\u003eBritish Birds\u003c\/em\u003e (1912). Tony Keulemans later wrote \u003cem\u003eBeyond the grave\u003c\/em\u003e, which tells the story of a remarkable discovery of a painting John Gerrard had made of his own gravestone. And finally, Tony Keulemans wrote an errata list to \u003cem\u003eFeathers to Brush\u003c\/em\u003e, which includes additional literature references and new genealogical findings.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeulemans's work is characterized by its consistency, showing little change over the course of his career, and focused to an extraordinary degree on the rendering of fine detail. These generalizations have also proven to be the basis for unjustified criticism of his work,[5] since the nature of scientific illustration places a premium on consistency. Aside from this, a number of critics have rightly placed Keulemans above his contemporaries;[6] his ability to create accurate and vivid representations of birds gave him prominence in his field.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Keulemans was prodigious in his output - he was commissioned to paint pictures of birds extensively throughout his career, and his prints were published continuously from 1867 to 1911. Keulemans' first prints appeared in two books by Francois Pollen, \u003cem\u003eContributions a l'histoire naturelle des Lemuriens\u003c\/em\u003e (1867) and \u003cem\u003eEen blik in Madagascar\u003c\/em\u003e (1867). Some appeared after his death until 1915 (Mathews, \u003cem\u003eBirds of Australia\u003c\/em\u003e); he had rendered the images on stone well before the publication of these works. A calculation of his total output gives about 4,000-5,000 published illustrations. The vast majority of these were vignettes published within octavo-size books and publications, and a great number of his works also appeared in quarto (Dresser\/\u003cem\u003eEurope\u003c\/em\u003e) and in-folio (Seebohm\/\u003cem\u003eTurdidae\u003c\/em\u003e and DuCane Godman\/\u003cem\u003ePetrels\u003c\/em\u003e). While the subject of his illustrations was almost entirely avian, he was also commissioned to create portraits of mammals, insects, and shells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost of the illustrations by Keulemans were produced through traditional lithography, allowing for a finished product that depicts a vivid, lifelike figure through depth and tone. Printing was carried out by the two firms of Mintern and Hanhart, and early in his career, some were printed by P. M. W. Trap. Often, the published lithographs were not coloured, and perhaps some (\u003cem\u003eJournal of the Linnean Society\u003c\/em\u003e, 1878) were not intended to be coloured. The technique of lithography made it necessary for the print to be coloured by hand. This was done by semi-skilled artisans working in an assembly line in a manner similar to stenciling. While Keulemans' talents as a draughtsman were hardly disputed by his contemporaries, often the finished, coloured plates were the subject of criticism (Sharpe\/\u003cem\u003eAlcedinidae\u003c\/em\u003e). If the depicted colours did not match those of the birds, the value of the finished product was diminished.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32429330989142,"sku":"","price":350.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-KeulemansJohnGerrard-CinnyrisSangirensis-c1876-1880lithograph-handcoloured-_350-245x320mm.jpg?v=1588829479"},{"product_id":"bird-keulemans-john-gerard-cinnyris-talatala-c1876-1880","title":"Bird, Keulemans John Gerard, , Cinnyris Talatala,  c1876 - 1880,","description":"\u003cp\u003eDate: 1876 - 1880\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: Keulemans John Gerrard\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePaper Size: 245 x 345mm \u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCondition: good\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: Lithograph\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $350.00\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Hand coloured lithograph\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Biography: \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJohn Gerard Keulemans\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeulemans was born in Rotterdam. As a young man, he collected animal specimens for museums such as the Natural History Museum in Leiden, whose director, Hermann Schlegel, encouraged Keulemans and sent him on the 1864 expedition to West Africa. In 1869, he was persuaded to illustrate his \u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Family of Kingfishers\u003c\/em\u003e (1868-1871) and to move to England where he lived for the rest of his life. He was married twice and had eight children by his first wife and seven children by his second wife. Only nine of his children reached adulthood. He also wrote topics on spirituality and claimed he had a premonition at the moment of death of one of his sons. He died in Ilford, Essex, (now part of Greater London) and is buried in Buckingham Road Cemetery, Ilford, in an unmarked grave. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeulemans regularly provided illustrations for \u003cem\u003eThe Ibis\u003c\/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eThe Proceedings of the Zoological Society\u003c\/em\u003e. He illustrated many important bird books, including “\u003cem\u003eA History of the Birds of New Zealand\u003c\/em\u003e(1873, 1888)”, \u003cem\u003eHistory of the Birds of Ceylon\u003c\/em\u003e (1880)” “\u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Bucerotidae\u003c\/em\u003e (hornbills) (1887–1892)” “\u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Turdidae (thrushes)\u003c\/em\u003e (1902),” “\u003cem\u003eBiologia Centrali-Americana\u003c\/em\u003e (1879–1904), “.\u003cem\u003eBirds of South Africa\u003c\/em\u003e (1887)” and “ \u003cem\u003eHistory of the Birds of Europe\u003c\/em\u003e (1871–1896)” and a single illustration in \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of the Linnean Society\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of his last great achievements was his contribution of over one hundred plates for “\u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Petrels\u003c\/em\u003e (1907–1910).” He also spent some time collecting birds in Cape Verde and West Africa \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe only significant biography of Keulemans is by Jan Coldewey and Tony Keulemans, \u003cem\u003eFeathers to Brush\u003c\/em\u003e, a book that includes a bibliography of the artist's publications, a genealogical tree, and appendices detailing his spiritualism, with a sample of his financial correspondence. Also of note is a contemporary obituary of Keulemans in the journal \u003cem\u003eBritish Birds\u003c\/em\u003e (1912). Tony Keulemans later wrote \u003cem\u003eBeyond the grave\u003c\/em\u003e, which tells the story of a remarkable discovery of a painting John Gerrard had made of his own gravestone. And finally, Tony Keulemans wrote an errata list to \u003cem\u003eFeathers to Brush\u003c\/em\u003e, which includes additional literature references and new genealogical findings.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeulemans's work is characterized by its consistency, showing little change over the course of his career, and focused to an extraordinary degree on the rendering of fine detail. These generalizations have also proven to be the basis for unjustified criticism of his work,[5] since the nature of scientific illustration places a premium on consistency. Aside from this, a number of critics have rightly placed Keulemans above his contemporaries;[6] his ability to create accurate and vivid representations of birds gave him prominence in his field.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Keulemans was prodigious in his output - he was commissioned to paint pictures of birds extensively throughout his career, and his prints were published continuously from 1867 to 1911. Keulemans' first prints appeared in two books by Francois Pollen, \u003cem\u003eContributions a l'histoire naturelle des Lemuriens\u003c\/em\u003e (1867) and \u003cem\u003eEen blik in Madagascar\u003c\/em\u003e (1867). Some appeared after his death until 1915 (Mathews, \u003cem\u003eBirds of Australia\u003c\/em\u003e); he had rendered the images on stone well before the publication of these works. A calculation of his total output gives about 4,000-5,000 published illustrations. The vast majority of these were vignettes published within octavo-size books and publications, and a great number of his works also appeared in quarto (Dresser\/\u003cem\u003eEurope\u003c\/em\u003e) and in-folio (Seebohm\/\u003cem\u003eTurdidae\u003c\/em\u003e and DuCane Godman\/\u003cem\u003ePetrels\u003c\/em\u003e). While the subject of his illustrations was almost entirely avian, he was also commissioned to create portraits of mammals, insects, and shells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost of the illustrations by Keulemans were produced through traditional lithography, allowing for a finished product that depicts a vivid, lifelike figure through depth and tone. Printing was carried out by the two firms of Mintern and Hanhart, and early in his career, some were printed by P. M. W. Trap. Often, the published lithographs were not coloured, and perhaps some (\u003cem\u003eJournal of the Linnean Society\u003c\/em\u003e, 1878) were not intended to be coloured. The technique of lithography made it necessary for the print to be coloured by hand. This was done by semi-skilled artisans working in an assembly line in a manner similar to stenciling. While Keulemans' talents as a draughtsman were hardly disputed by his contemporaries, often the finished, coloured plates were the subject of criticism (Sharpe\/\u003cem\u003eAlcedinidae\u003c\/em\u003e). If the depicted colours did not match those of the birds, the value of the finished product was diminished.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32429350191190,"sku":null,"price":350.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-KeulemansJohnGerrard-CinnyrisTalatalac1876-1880lithograph-handcoloured-Matted-_395-245x320mm.jpg?v=1588829649"},{"product_id":"bird-keulemans-john-gerard-white-vented-sunbird-c1876-1880","title":"Bird, Keulemans John Gerard, White Vented Sunbird c 1876-1880","description":"\u003cp\u003eDate: 1876 - 1880\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: Keulemans John Gerrard\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePaper Size: 245 x 345mm \u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCondition: good\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: Lithograph\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $350.00\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Hand coloured lithograph\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Biography: \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJohn Gerard Keulemans\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeulemans was born in Rotterdam. As a young man, he collected animal specimens for museums such as the Natural History Museum in Leiden, whose director, Hermann Schlegel, encouraged Keulemans and sent him on the 1864 expedition to West Africa. In 1869, he was persuaded to illustrate his \u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Family of Kingfishers\u003c\/em\u003e (1868-1871) and to move to England where he lived for the rest of his life. He was married twice and had eight children by his first wife and seven children by his second wife. Only nine of his children reached adulthood. He also wrote topics on spirituality and claimed he had a premonition at the moment of death of one of his sons. He died in Ilford, Essex, (now part of Greater London) and is buried in Buckingham Road Cemetery, Ilford, in an unmarked grave. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeulemans regularly provided illustrations for \u003cem\u003eThe Ibis\u003c\/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eThe Proceedings of the Zoological Society\u003c\/em\u003e. He illustrated many important bird books, including “\u003cem\u003eA History of the Birds of New Zealand\u003c\/em\u003e(1873, 1888)”, \u003cem\u003eHistory of the Birds of Ceylon\u003c\/em\u003e (1880)” “\u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Bucerotidae\u003c\/em\u003e (hornbills) (1887–1892)” “\u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Turdidae (thrushes)\u003c\/em\u003e (1902),” “\u003cem\u003eBiologia Centrali-Americana\u003c\/em\u003e (1879–1904), “.\u003cem\u003eBirds of South Africa\u003c\/em\u003e (1887)” and “ \u003cem\u003eHistory of the Birds of Europe\u003c\/em\u003e (1871–1896)” and a single illustration in \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of the Linnean Society\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of his last great achievements was his contribution of over one hundred plates for “\u003cem\u003eMonograph of the Petrels\u003c\/em\u003e (1907–1910).” He also spent some time collecting birds in Cape Verde and West Africa \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe only significant biography of Keulemans is by Jan Coldewey and Tony Keulemans, \u003cem\u003eFeathers to Brush\u003c\/em\u003e, a book that includes a bibliography of the artist's publications, a genealogical tree, and appendices detailing his spiritualism, with a sample of his financial correspondence. Also of note is a contemporary obituary of Keulemans in the journal \u003cem\u003eBritish Birds\u003c\/em\u003e (1912). Tony Keulemans later wrote \u003cem\u003eBeyond the grave\u003c\/em\u003e, which tells the story of a remarkable discovery of a painting John Gerrard had made of his own gravestone. And finally, Tony Keulemans wrote an errata list to \u003cem\u003eFeathers to Brush\u003c\/em\u003e, which includes additional literature references and new genealogical findings.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeulemans's work is characterised by its consistency, showing little change over the course of his career, and focused to an extraordinary degree on the rendering of fine detail. These generalisations have also proven to be the basis for unjustified criticism of his work, since the nature of scientific illustration places a premium on consistency. Aside from this, a number of critics have rightly placed Keulemans above his contemporaries; his ability to create accurate and vivid representations of birds gave him prominence in his field.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Keulemans was prodigious in his output - he was commissioned to paint pictures of birds extensively throughout his career, and his prints were published continuously from 1867 to 1911. Keulemans' first prints appeared in two books by Francois Pollen, \u003cem\u003eContributions a l'histoire naturelle des Lemuriens\u003c\/em\u003e (1867) and \u003cem\u003eEen blik in Madagascar\u003c\/em\u003e (1867). Some appeared after his death until 1915 (Mathews, \u003cem\u003eBirds of Australia\u003c\/em\u003e); he had rendered the images on stone well before the publication of these works. A calculation of his total output gives about 4,000-5,000 published illustrations. The vast majority of these were vignettes published within octavo-size books and publications, and a great number of his works also appeared in quarto (Dresser\/\u003cem\u003eEurope\u003c\/em\u003e) and in-folio (Seebohm\/\u003cem\u003eTurdidae\u003c\/em\u003e and DuCane Godman\/\u003cem\u003ePetrels\u003c\/em\u003e). While the subject of his illustrations was almost entirely avian, he was also commissioned to create portraits of mammals, insects, and shells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost of the illustrations by Keulemans were produced through traditional lithography, allowing for a finished product that depicts a vivid, lifelike figure through depth and tone. Printing was carried out by the two firms of Mintern and Hanhart, and early in his career, some were printed by P. M. W. Trap. Often, the published lithographs were not coloured, and perhaps some (\u003cem\u003eJournal of the Linnean Society\u003c\/em\u003e, 1878) were not intended to be coloured. The technique of lithography made it necessary for the print to be coloured by hand. This was done by semi-skilled artisans working in an assembly line in a manner similar to stenciling. While Keulemans' talents as a draughtsman were hardly disputed by his contemporaries, often the finished, coloured plates were the subject of criticism (Sharpe\/\u003cem\u003eAlcedinidae\u003c\/em\u003e). If the depicted colours did not match those of the birds, the value of the finished product was diminished.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32429363986518,"sku":"","price":350.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-KeulemansJohnGerrard-WhiteVentedSun-Birdc1876-1880lithograph-handcoloured-_350-245x320mm.jpg?v=1588829786"},{"product_id":"bird-gronvold-henrik","title":"Bird, Gronvold Henrik, Black Throated \u0026 Black Tailed Finch, c1910","description":"\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDate: c1910\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: Gronvold Henrick\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSize: 250 x 345mm\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCondition: good\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $150\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvinance:\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHenrik Grønvold was born in \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pr%C3%A6st%C3%B8\"\u003ePræstø\u003c\/a\u003e, Denmark. He was the son of Hans Peter Levin Grønvold (1822–84) and Wilhelmine Marie Cathrine Lassen (1821–65). He had an early interest in natural history, and an early aptitude for natural history art. In 1880, he to \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copenhagen\"\u003eCopenhagen\u003c\/a\u003e to learn machine drawing at the Copenhagen Technica College. After graduation, he worked first as a draughtsman of the Royal Danish Army artillery a \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drawing\"\u003edraughtsman\u003c\/a\u003e and an illustrator at the Biological Research Station of Copenhagen.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1892, Grønvold left Denmark intending to emigrate to the United States. While stopping in London en route, he was employed at the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_History_Museum,_London\"\u003eNatural History Museum\u003c\/a\u003e preparing anatomical specimens.\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henrik_Gr%C3%B8nvold#cite_note-Pasquier-2\"\u003e[2]\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/sup\u003e His Swedish born wife, Josefine Josefina Wilhelmina Hillstrøm (1869-1935), joined him a year later.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHenrik Grønvold became a skilled taxidermist, and established a reputation as an artist. He was employed at the Museum until 1895, when he accompanied WilliamOgilvie Grant on an expedition to the Salvage Islands. After this expedition, Grønvold worked at the Museum in an unofficial capacity as an artist for decades, and only left London to attend an ornithological congress in Berlin.\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henrik_Gr%C3%B8nvold#cite_note-nhm-1\"\u003e[1]\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henrik_Gr%C3%B8nvold#cite_note-Pasquier-2\"\u003e[2]\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHis illustrations largely appeared in scientific periodicals such as the Proceedings and Translations of the zoological Society, The Ibis and the Avicultural Magazine. In these publications, he drew plates for William Ogilvie-Grant, George Albert Boulenger, and Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas, among others. Grønvold also completed numerous plates for \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walter_Rothschild\"\u003eWalter Rothschild\u003c\/a\u003e, many of which appeared in Rothschild's journal Novitates Zoologicae. Grønvold mostly illustrated birds and eggs, rare and newly discovered species from many parts of the world, and mostly worked in lithographs. His egg plates include some of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_auk\"\u003egreat auk\u003c\/a\u003e eggs made for Alfred Newton. He made some depictions of mammals as well, and the Natural History Museum collection has oil paintings of apes he made for Rothschild.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the books he illustrated were \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_Ernest_Shelley\"\u003eGeorge Shelley\u003c\/a\u003e's \u003cem\u003eBirds of Africa\u003c\/em\u003e, which contained 57 plates, many of species that had not been illustrated before. He illustrated Walter Buller’s books on the birds of New Zealand, Brabourne's \u003cem\u003eBirds of South America\u003c\/em\u003e, Henry Elliot Howard’s \u003cem\u003eThe British Warblers\u003c\/em\u003e (1907–14), Charles William Beebe’s  \u003cem\u003eA Monograph of the Pheasants\u003c\/em\u003e (1918–22), and Herbert Christopher Robinson’s The Birds of the Malay Peninsula. (1929–76). He completed 600 hand-coloured plates for twelve volumes of \u003cem\u003eThe Birds of Australia\u003c\/em\u003e (1910–27) by \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregory_Macalister_Mathews\"\u003eGregory Macalister Mathews\u003c\/a\u003e. Grønvold subsequently provided numerous illustrations for Mathews' \u003cem\u003eThe Birds of Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands\u003c\/em\u003e ... (1928) and \u003cem\u003eA Supplement to The Birds of Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands\u003c\/em\u003e ... (1936) – some of the last publications that were issued with hand-coloured plates.\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henrik_Gr%C3%B8nvold#cite_note-Pasquier-2\"\u003e[2]\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a commemoration of his contributions to bird art, the Guinean-Ivory Coast ranged, African \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rufous-naped_lark\"\u003erufous-naped lark\u003c\/a\u003e subspecie Mirafra Africana Henrici was named for him in 1930 by George Latimer Bates\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrønvold died at \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bedford,_England\"\u003eBedford, England\u003c\/a\u003e, in 1940. His daughter Elsa Ayres (1899–1985) became a skilled portrait painter and was married to British sculptor Arthur James John Ayres (1902–1985). \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32429508034646,"sku":"","price":150.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Bird-GronvoldHenrik-BlackThroated_BlackTailedFinches-c1910-_150-250x345mm.jpg?v=1588831342"},{"product_id":"of-bird-gronvold-henrik-masked-finch-c1910","title":"Bird, Gronvold Henrik, Masked Finch, c1910","description":"\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDate: c1910\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: Gronvold Henrick\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSize: 250 x 345mm\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCondition: good\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $150\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvinance:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHenrik Grønvold was born in \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pr%C3%A6st%C3%B8\"\u003ePræstø\u003c\/a\u003e, Denmark. He was the son of Hans Peter Levin Grønvold (1822–84) and Wilhelmine Marie Cathrine Lassen (1821–65). He had an early interest in natural history, and an early aptitude for natural history art. In 1880, he to \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copenhagen\"\u003eCopenhagen\u003c\/a\u003e to learn machine drawing at the Copenhagen Technica College. After graduation, he worked first as a draughtsman of the Royal Danish Army artillery a \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drawing\"\u003edraughtsman\u003c\/a\u003e and an illustrator at the Biological Research Station of Copenhagen.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1892, Grønvold left Denmark intending to emigrate to the United States. While stopping in London en route, he was employed at the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_History_Museum,_London\"\u003eNatural History Museum\u003c\/a\u003e preparing anatomical specimens.\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henrik_Gr%C3%B8nvold#cite_note-Pasquier-2\"\u003e[2]\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/sup\u003e His Swedish born wife, Josefine Josefina Wilhelmina Hillstrøm (1869-1935), joined him a year later.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHenrik Grønvold became a skilled taxidermist, and established a reputation as an artist. He was employed at the Museum until 1895, when he accompanied WilliamOgilvie Grant on an expedition to the Salvage Islands. After this expedition, Grønvold worked at the Museum in an unofficial capacity as an artist for decades, and only left London to attend an ornithological congress in Berlin.\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henrik_Gr%C3%B8nvold#cite_note-nhm-1\"\u003e[1]\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henrik_Gr%C3%B8nvold#cite_note-Pasquier-2\"\u003e[2]\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHis illustrations largely appeared in scientific periodicals such as the Proceedings and Translations of the zoological Society, The Ibis and the Avicultural Magazine. In these publications, he drew plates for William Ogilvie-Grant, George Albert Boulenger, and Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas, among others. Grønvold also completed numerous plates for \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walter_Rothschild\"\u003eWalter Rothschild\u003c\/a\u003e, many of which appeared in Rothschild's journal Novitates Zoologicae. Grønvold mostly illustrated birds and eggs, rare and newly discovered species from many parts of the world, and mostly worked in lithographs. His egg plates include some of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_auk\"\u003egreat auk\u003c\/a\u003e eggs made for Alfred Newton. He made some depictions of mammals as well, and the Natural History Museum collection has oil paintings of apes he made for Rothschild.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the books he illustrated were \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_Ernest_Shelley\"\u003eGeorge Shelley\u003c\/a\u003e's \u003cem\u003eBirds of Africa\u003c\/em\u003e, which contained 57 plates, many of species that had not been illustrated before. He illustrated Walter Buller’s books on the birds of New Zealand, Brabourne's \u003cem\u003eBirds of South America\u003c\/em\u003e, Henry Elliot Howard’s \u003cem\u003eThe British Warblers\u003c\/em\u003e (1907–14), Charles William Beebe’s  \u003cem\u003eA Monograph of the Pheasants\u003c\/em\u003e (1918–22), and Herbert Christopher Robinson’s The Birds of the Malay Peninsula. (1929–76). He completed 600 hand-coloured plates for twelve volumes of \u003cem\u003eThe Birds of Australia\u003c\/em\u003e (1910–27) by \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gregory_Macalister_Mathews\"\u003eGregory Macalister Mathews\u003c\/a\u003e. Grønvold subsequently provided numerous illustrations for Mathews' \u003cem\u003eThe Birds of Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands\u003c\/em\u003e ... (1928) and \u003cem\u003eA Supplement to The Birds of Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands\u003c\/em\u003e ... (1936) – some of the last publications that were issued with hand-coloured plates.\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henrik_Gr%C3%B8nvold#cite_note-Pasquier-2\"\u003e[2]\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a commemoration of his contributions to bird art, the Guinean-Ivory Coast ranged, African \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rufous-naped_lark\"\u003erufous-naped lark\u003c\/a\u003e subspecie Mirafra Africana Henrici was named for him in 1930 by George Latimer Bates\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrønvold died at \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bedford,_England\"\u003eBedford, England\u003c\/a\u003e, in 1940. His daughter Elsa Ayres (1899–1985) became a skilled portrait painter and was married to British sculptor Arthur James John Ayres (1902–1985). \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32429538213974,"sku":null,"price":150.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Bird-GronvoldHenrik-MaskedFinch-c1910-_150-250x345mm.jpg?v=1588831536"},{"product_id":"copy-of-bird-de-buffon-birds-by-george-louis-leclerc-comte-de-buffon-c-1789","title":"Bird: de Buffon, Bird by George-Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon, c1789","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBirds, George-Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDate: c1789\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: Leclerc George Louis\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEngraver: Pretre\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePaper Size: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCondition: good\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: steel engraving,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $100\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: original steel engraving, hand coloured\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Biography: \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eGeorges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 7 September 1707-16 April 1788 \u003c\/span\u003ewas a \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_people\"\u003eFrench\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_history\"\u003enaturalist\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mathematician\"\u003emathematician\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmology\"\u003ecosmologist\u003c\/a\u003e, and \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclop%C3%A9distes\"\u003eencyclopédiste\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eHis works influenced the next two generations of naturalists, including \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck\"\u003eJean-Baptiste Lamarck\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges_Cuvier\"\u003eGeorges Cuvier\u003c\/a\u003e. Buffon published thirty-six \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quarto\"\u003equarto\u003c\/a\u003e volumes of his \u003cem\u003e\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Histoire_Naturelle\"\u003eHistoire Naturelle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e during his lifetime; with additional volumes based on his notes and further research being published in the two decades following his death.\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-1\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernst_Mayr\"\u003eErnst Mayr\u003c\/a\u003e wrote that \"Truly, Buffon was the father of all thought in natural history in the second half of the 18th century\".\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-Mayrp330-2\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBuffon held the position of \u003cem\u003eintendant\u003c\/em\u003e (director) at the Jardin du Roi, now called the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jardin_des_Plantes\"\u003eJardin des Plantes\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eGeorges Louis Leclerc (later Comte de Buffon) was born at \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montbard\"\u003eMontbard\u003c\/a\u003e, in the Province of \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burgundy_(historical_region)\"\u003eBurgundy\u003c\/a\u003e to Benjamin Francois Leclerc, a minor local official in charge of the salt tax and Anne-Christine Marlin also from a family of civil servants. Georges was named after his mother's uncle (his godfather) Georges Blaisot, the tax-farmer of the Duke of Savoy for all of \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sicily\"\u003eSicily\u003c\/a\u003e. In 1714 Blaisot died childless, leaving a considerable fortune to his seven-year-old godson. Benjamin Leclerc then purchased an estate containing the nearby village of Buffon and moved the family to Dijon acquiring various offices there as well as a seat in the Dijon Parlement.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eGeorges attended the Jesuit College of Godrans in Dijon from the age of ten onwards. From 1723–1726 he then studied law in Dijon, the prerequisite for continuing the family tradition in civil service. In 1728 Georges left Dijon to study mathematics and medicine at the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Angers\"\u003eUniversity of Angers\u003c\/a\u003e in France. At Angers in 1730 he made the acquaintance of the young English \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evelyn_Pierrepont,_2nd_Duke_of_Kingston-upon-Hull\"\u003eDuke of Kingston\u003c\/a\u003e, who was on his grand tour of Europe, and traveled with him on a large and expensive entourage for a year and a half through southern France and parts of Italy. Georges-Louis Leclerc had an elder brother, \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pierre_Daubenton\"\u003ePierre Daubenton\u003c\/a\u003e (1703–1776), who wrote numerous articles for the \u003cem\u003e\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclop%C3%A9die\"\u003eEncyclopédie\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e by \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Denis_Diderot\"\u003eDiderot\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eThere are persistent but completely undocumented rumors from this period about duels, abductions and secret trips to England. In 1732 after the death of his mother and before the impending remarriage of his father, Georges left Kingston and returned to Dijon to secure his inheritance. Having added 'de Buffon' to his name while traveling with the Duke, he repurchased the village of Buffon, which his father had meanwhile sold off. With a fortune of about 80 000 \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_livre\"\u003elivres\u003c\/a\u003e Buffon set himself up in Paris to pursue science, at first primarily mathematics and mechanics, and the increase of his fortune.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCareer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn 1732 he moved to \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris\"\u003eParis\u003c\/a\u003e, where he made the acquaintance of \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voltaire\"\u003eVoltaire\u003c\/a\u003e and other intellectuals. He first made his mark in the field of mathematics and, in his \u003cem\u003eSur le jeu de franc-carreau\u003c\/em\u003e, introduced differential and integral \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calculus\"\u003ecalculus\u003c\/a\u003e into \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Probability_theory\"\u003eprobability theory\u003c\/a\u003e; the problem of \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buffon%27s_needle\"\u003eBuffon's needle\u003c\/a\u003e in \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Probability_theory\"\u003eprobability theory\u003c\/a\u003e is named after him. In 1734 he was admitted to the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Academy_of_Sciences\"\u003eFrench Academy of Sciences\u003c\/a\u003e. During this period he corresponded with the Swiss mathematician \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gabriel_Cramer\"\u003eGabriel Cramer\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eHis protector \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_Count_of_Maurepas\"\u003eMaurepas\u003c\/a\u003e had asked the Academy of Sciences to do research on wood for the construction of ships in 1733. Soon afterward, Buffon began a long-term study, performing some of the most comprehensive tests to date on the mechanical properties of \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wood\"\u003ewood\u003c\/a\u003e. Included were a series of tests to compare the properties of small specimens with those of large members. After carefully testing more than a thousand small specimens without knots or other defects, Buffon concluded that it was not possible to extrapolate to the properties of full-size timbers, and he began a series of tests on full-size structural members.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn 1739 he was appointed head of the Parisian Jardin du Roi with the help of Maurepas; he held this position to the end of his life. Buffon was instrumental in transforming the Jardin du Roi into a major research centre and museum. He also enlarged it, arranging the purchase of adjoining plots of land and acquiring new botanical and zoological specimens from all over the world\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eThanks to his talent as a writer, he was invited to join Paris's second great academy, the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise\"\u003eAcadémie française\u003c\/a\u003e in 1753. In his \u003cem\u003eDiscours sur le style\u003c\/em\u003e (\"Discourse on Style\"), pronounced before the Académie française, he said, \"Writing well consists of thinking, feeling and expressing well, of clarity of mind, soul and taste ... The style is the man himself\" (\"\u003cem\u003eLe style c'est l'homme même\u003c\/em\u003e\").\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-3\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e Unfortunately for him, Buffon's reputation as a literary stylist also gave ammunition to his detractors: The mathematician \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean_le_Rond_D%27Alembert\"\u003eJean le Rond D'Alembert\u003c\/a\u003e, for example, called him \"the great phrase-monger\".\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn 1752 Buffon married Marie-Françoise de Saint-Belin-Malain, the daughter of an impoverished noble family from Burgundy, who was enrolled in the convent school run by his sister. Madame de Buffon's second child, a son born in 1764, survived childhood; she herself died in 1769. When in 1772 Buffon became seriously ill and the promise that his son (then only 8) should succeed him as director of the Jardin became clearly impracticable and was withdrawn, the King raised Buffon's estates in Burgundy to the status of a county – and thus Buffon (and his son) became a Count. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences\"\u003eAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences\u003c\/a\u003e in 1782.\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-AAAS-4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e Buffon died in Paris in 1788.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eHe was buried in a chapel adjacent to the church of Sainte-Urse Montbard; during the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Revolution\"\u003eFrench Revolution\u003c\/a\u003e, his tomb was broken into and the lead that covered the coffin was ransacked to produce bullets. His \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heart\"\u003eheart\u003c\/a\u003e was initially saved, as it was guarded by \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suzanne_Necker\"\u003eSuzanne Necker\u003c\/a\u003e (wife of \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacques_Necker\"\u003eJacques Necker\u003c\/a\u003e), but was later lost. Today, only Buffon's \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cerebellum\"\u003ecerebellum\u003c\/a\u003e remains, as it is kept in the base of the statue by \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pajou\"\u003ePajou\u003c\/a\u003e that \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_XVI\"\u003eLouis XVI\u003c\/a\u003e had commissioned in his honor in 1776, located at the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Museum_of_Natural_History\"\u003eMuseum of Natural History\u003c\/a\u003e in \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris\"\u003eParis\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublications\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBuffon's \u003cem\u003e\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Histoire_naturelle\"\u003eHistoire naturelle, générale et particulière\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e (1749–1788: in 36 volumes; an additional volume based on his notes appeared in 1789) was originally intended to cover all three \"kingdoms\" of nature but the \u003cem\u003eHistoire naturelle\u003c\/em\u003e ended up being limited to the animal and mineral kingdoms, and the animals covered were only the birds and quadrupeds. \"Written in a brilliant style, this work was read ... by every educated person in Europe\".\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-Mayrp330-2\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e Those who assisted him in the production of this great work included \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis-Jean-Marie_Daubenton\"\u003eLouis-Jean-Marie Daubenton\u003c\/a\u003e, Philibert Guéneau de Montbeillard, and Gabriel-Léopold Bexon, along with numerous artists. Buffon's \u003cem\u003eHistoire naturelle\u003c\/em\u003e was translated into many different languages, making him one of the most widely read authors of the day, a rival to \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montesquieu\"\u003eMontesquieu\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rousseau\"\u003eRousseau\u003c\/a\u003e, and \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voltaire\"\u003eVoltaire\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn the opening volumes of the \u003cem\u003eHistoire naturelle\u003c\/em\u003e Buffon questioned the usefulness of mathematics, criticized \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl_Linnaeus\"\u003eCarl Linnaeus\u003c\/a\u003e's taxonomical approach to natural history, outlined a history of the Earth with little relation to the Biblical account, and proposed a theory of reproduction that ran counter to the prevailing theory of \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Preformationism\"\u003epre-existence\u003c\/a\u003e. The early volumes were condemned by the Faculty of Theology at the Sorbonne. Buffon published a retraction, but he continued publishing the offending volumes without any change.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn the course of his examination of the animal world, Buffon noted that despite similar environments, different regions have distinct plants and animals, a concept later known as Buffon's Law. This is considered to be the first principle of \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biogeography\"\u003ebiogeography\u003c\/a\u003e. He made the suggestion that species may have both \"improved\" and \"degenerated\" after dispersing from a center of creation. In volume 14 he argued that all the world's \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quadruped\"\u003equadrupeds\u003c\/a\u003e had developed from an original set of just thirty-eight quadrupeds.\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e On this basis, he is sometimes considered a \"transformist\" and a precursor of Darwin. He also asserted that \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate_change_(general_concept)\"\u003eclimate change\u003c\/a\u003e may have facilitated the worldwide spread of species from their centers of origin. Still, interpreting his ideas on the subject is not simple, for he returned to topics many times in the course of his work\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBuffon considered the similarities between humans and apes, but ultimately rejected the possibility of a common descent. He debated with \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo\"\u003eJames Burnett, Lord Monboddo\u003c\/a\u003e on the relationship of the primates to man, Monboddo insisting, against Buffon, on a close relationship.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eAt one point, Buffon propounded a theory that nature in the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_World\"\u003eNew World\u003c\/a\u003e was inferior to that of \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eurasia\"\u003eEurasia\u003c\/a\u003e. He argued that the Americas were lacking in large and powerful creatures, and that even the people were less virile than their European counterparts. He ascribed this inferiority to the marsh odors and dense forests of the American continent. These remarks so incensed \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Jefferson\"\u003eThomas Jefferson\u003c\/a\u003e that he dispatched twenty soldiers to the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Hampshire\"\u003eNew Hampshire\u003c\/a\u003e woods to find a bull \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moose\"\u003emoose\u003c\/a\u003e for Buffon as proof of the \"stature and majesty of American quadrupeds\".\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-bullmoose-8\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e Buffon later admitted his error.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn \u003cem\u003eLes époques de la nature\u003c\/em\u003e (1778) Buffon discussed the origins of the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solar_system\"\u003esolar system\u003c\/a\u003e, speculating that the planets had been created by a \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comet\"\u003ecomet\u003c\/a\u003e's collision with the sun.\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e He also suggested that the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Age_of_the_Earth\"\u003eearth originated\u003c\/a\u003e much earlier than 4004 BC, the date determined by Archbishop \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Ussher\"\u003eJames Ussher\u003c\/a\u003e. Basing his figures on the cooling rate of \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iron\"\u003eiron\u003c\/a\u003e tested at his Laboratory the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Petit_Fontenet.JPG\"\u003ePetit Fontenet\u003c\/a\u003e at \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montbard\"\u003eMontbard\u003c\/a\u003e, he calculated that the age of the earth was 75,000 years. Once again, his ideas were condemned by the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sorbonne\"\u003eSorbonne\u003c\/a\u003e, and once again he issued a retraction to avoid further problems.\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[10]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eRacial studies\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBuffon and \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johann_Blumenbach\"\u003eJohann Blumenbach\u003c\/a\u003e were believers in \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monogenism\"\u003emonogenism\u003c\/a\u003e, the concept that all races have a single origin. They also believed in the \"Degeneration theory\" of racial origins. They both said that \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adam_and_Eve\"\u003eAdam and Eve\u003c\/a\u003e were \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caucasian_race\"\u003eCaucasian\u003c\/a\u003e and that other races came about by \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Degeneration\"\u003edegeneration\u003c\/a\u003e from environmental factors, such as the sun and poor diet. They believed that the degeneration could be reversed if proper environmental control was taken, and that all contemporary forms of man could revert to the original \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caucasian_race\"\u003eCaucasian race\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBuffon and Blumenbach claimed that \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pigmentation\"\u003epigmentation\u003c\/a\u003e arose because of the heat of the tropical sun. They suggested cold wind caused the tawny colour of the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eskimos\"\u003eEskimos\u003c\/a\u003e. They thought the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_people\"\u003eChinese\u003c\/a\u003e relatively fair-skinned compared to the other Asian stocks because they kept mostly in towns and were protected from environmental factors. Buffon said that food and the mode of living could make races degenerate and distinguish them from the original Caucasian race.\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-Harris-11\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[11]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBelieving in \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monogenism\"\u003emonogenism\u003c\/a\u003e, Buffon thought that skin color could change in a single lifetime, depending on the conditions of climate and diet. Buffon was an advocate of the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asia_hypothesis\"\u003eAsia hypothesis\u003c\/a\u003e; in his \u003cem\u003eHistoire Naturelle\u003c\/em\u003e, he argued that humans' birthplace must be in a high temperate zone. As he believed good climate conditions would breed healthy humans, he hypothesized that the most logical place to look for the first humans' existence would be in Asia and around the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caspian_Sea\"\u003eCaspian Sea\u003c\/a\u003e region.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32429557612630,"sku":"","price":100.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-Buffon1820.jpg?v=1588831777"},{"product_id":"bird-de-buffon-birds-by-george-louis-leclerc-comte-de-buffon-c-1790","title":"Bird: de Buffon,  Birds by George-Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon, c 1789","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBirds, George-Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDate: c1789\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: Leclerc George Louis\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEngraver: Pretre\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePaper Size: 155 x 245mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCondition: good, tonal marking on edges\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: steel engraving,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $100\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: original steel engraving, hand coloured\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Biography: \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eGeorges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 7 September 1707-16 April 1788 \u003c\/span\u003ewas a \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_people\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eFrench\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_history\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003enaturalist\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mathematician\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003emathematician\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmology\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ecosmologist\u003c\/a\u003e, and \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclop%C3%A9distes\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eencyclopédiste\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eHis works influenced the next two generations of naturalists, including \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eJean-Baptiste Lamarck\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges_Cuvier\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eGeorges Cuvier\u003c\/a\u003e. Buffon published thirty-six \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quarto\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003equarto\u003c\/a\u003e volumes of his \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Histoire_Naturelle\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eHistoire Naturelle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e during his lifetime; with additional volumes based on his notes and further research being published in the two decades following his death.\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-1\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernst_Mayr\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eErnst Mayr\u003c\/a\u003e wrote that \"Truly, Buffon was the father of all thought in natural history in the second half of the 18th century\".\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-Mayrp330-2\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBuffon held the position of \u003cem\u003eintendant\u003c\/em\u003e (director) at the Jardin du Roi, now called the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jardin_des_Plantes\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eJardin des Plantes\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eGeorges Louis Leclerc (later Comte de Buffon) was born at \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montbard\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eMontbard\u003c\/a\u003e, in the Province of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burgundy_(historical_region)\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBurgundy\u003c\/a\u003e to Benjamin Francois Leclerc, a minor local official in charge of the salt tax and Anne-Christine Marlin also from a family of civil servants. Georges was named after his mother's uncle (his godfather) Georges Blaisot, the tax-farmer of the Duke of Savoy for all of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sicily\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eSicily\u003c\/a\u003e. In 1714 Blaisot died childless, leaving a considerable fortune to his seven-year-old godson. Benjamin Leclerc then purchased an estate containing the nearby village of Buffon and moved the family to Dijon acquiring various offices there as well as a seat in the Dijon Parlement.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eGeorges attended the Jesuit College of Godrans in Dijon from the age of ten onwards. From 1723–1726 he then studied law in Dijon, the prerequisite for continuing the family tradition in civil service. In 1728 Georges left Dijon to study mathematics and medicine at the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Angers\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eUniversity of Angers\u003c\/a\u003e in France. At Angers in 1730 he made the acquaintance of the young English \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evelyn_Pierrepont,_2nd_Duke_of_Kingston-upon-Hull\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eDuke of Kingston\u003c\/a\u003e, who was on his grand tour of Europe, and traveled with him on a large and expensive entourage for a year and a half through southern France and parts of Italy. Georges-Louis Leclerc had an elder brother, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pierre_Daubenton\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePierre Daubenton\u003c\/a\u003e (1703–1776), who wrote numerous articles for the \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclop%C3%A9die\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eEncyclopédie\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e by \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Denis_Diderot\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eDiderot\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eThere are persistent but completely undocumented rumors from this period about duels, abductions and secret trips to England. In 1732 after the death of his mother and before the impending remarriage of his father, Georges left Kingston and returned to Dijon to secure his inheritance. Having added 'de Buffon' to his name while traveling with the Duke, he repurchased the village of Buffon, which his father had meanwhile sold off. With a fortune of about 80 000 \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_livre\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003elivres\u003c\/a\u003e Buffon set himself up in Paris to pursue science, at first primarily mathematics and mechanics, and the increase of his fortune.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCareer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn 1732 he moved to \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eParis\u003c\/a\u003e, where he made the acquaintance of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voltaire\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eVoltaire\u003c\/a\u003e and other intellectuals. He first made his mark in the field of mathematics and, in his \u003cem\u003eSur le jeu de franc-carreau\u003c\/em\u003e, introduced differential and integral \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calculus\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ecalculus\u003c\/a\u003e into \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Probability_theory\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eprobability theory\u003c\/a\u003e; the problem of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buffon%27s_needle\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBuffon's needle\u003c\/a\u003e in \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Probability_theory\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eprobability theory\u003c\/a\u003e is named after him. In 1734 he was admitted to the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Academy_of_Sciences\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eFrench Academy of Sciences\u003c\/a\u003e. During this period he corresponded with the Swiss mathematician \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gabriel_Cramer\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eGabriel Cramer\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eHis protector \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_Count_of_Maurepas\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eMaurepas\u003c\/a\u003e had asked the Academy of Sciences to do research on wood for the construction of ships in 1733. Soon afterward, Buffon began a long-term study, performing some of the most comprehensive tests to date on the mechanical properties of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wood\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ewood\u003c\/a\u003e. Included were a series of tests to compare the properties of small specimens with those of large members. After carefully testing more than a thousand small specimens without knots or other defects, Buffon concluded that it was not possible to extrapolate to the properties of full-size timbers, and he began a series of tests on full-size structural members.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn 1739 he was appointed head of the Parisian Jardin du Roi with the help of Maurepas; he held this position to the end of his life. Buffon was instrumental in transforming the Jardin du Roi into a major research centre and museum. He also enlarged it, arranging the purchase of adjoining plots of land and acquiring new botanical and zoological specimens from all over the world\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eThanks to his talent as a writer, he was invited to join Paris's second great academy, the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eAcadémie française\u003c\/a\u003e in 1753. In his \u003cem\u003eDiscours sur le style\u003c\/em\u003e (\"Discourse on Style\"), pronounced before the Académie française, he said, \"Writing well consists of thinking, feeling and expressing well, of clarity of mind, soul and taste ... The style is the man himself\" (\"\u003cem\u003eLe style c'est l'homme même\u003c\/em\u003e\").\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-3\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e Unfortunately for him, Buffon's reputation as a literary stylist also gave ammunition to his detractors: The mathematician \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean_le_Rond_D%27Alembert\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eJean le Rond D'Alembert\u003c\/a\u003e, for example, called him \"the great phrase-monger\".\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn 1752 Buffon married Marie-Françoise de Saint-Belin-Malain, the daughter of an impoverished noble family from Burgundy, who was enrolled in the convent school run by his sister. Madame de Buffon's second child, a son born in 1764, survived childhood; she herself died in 1769. When in 1772 Buffon became seriously ill and the promise that his son (then only 8) should succeed him as director of the Jardin became clearly impracticable and was withdrawn, the King raised Buffon's estates in Burgundy to the status of a county – and thus Buffon (and his son) became a Count. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences\u003c\/a\u003e in 1782.\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-AAAS-4\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e Buffon died in Paris in 1788.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eHe was buried in a chapel adjacent to the church of Sainte-Urse Montbard; during the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Revolution\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eFrench Revolution\u003c\/a\u003e, his tomb was broken into and the lead that covered the coffin was ransacked to produce bullets. His \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heart\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eheart\u003c\/a\u003e was initially saved, as it was guarded by \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suzanne_Necker\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eSuzanne Necker\u003c\/a\u003e (wife of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacques_Necker\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eJacques Necker\u003c\/a\u003e), but was later lost. Today, only Buffon's \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cerebellum\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ecerebellum\u003c\/a\u003e remains, as it is kept in the base of the statue by \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pajou\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePajou\u003c\/a\u003e that \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_XVI\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eLouis XVI\u003c\/a\u003e had commissioned in his honor in 1776, located at the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Museum_of_Natural_History\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eMuseum of Natural History\u003c\/a\u003e in \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eParis\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublications\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBuffon's \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Histoire_naturelle\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eHistoire naturelle, générale et particulière\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e (1749–1788: in 36 volumes; an additional volume based on his notes appeared in 1789) was originally intended to cover all three \"kingdoms\" of nature but the \u003cem\u003eHistoire naturelle\u003c\/em\u003e ended up being limited to the animal and mineral kingdoms, and the animals covered were only the birds and quadrupeds. \"Written in a brilliant style, this work was read ... by every educated person in Europe\".\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-Mayrp330-2\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e Those who assisted him in the production of this great work included \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis-Jean-Marie_Daubenton\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eLouis-Jean-Marie Daubenton\u003c\/a\u003e, Philibert Guéneau de Montbeillard, and Gabriel-Léopold Bexon, along with numerous artists. Buffon's \u003cem\u003eHistoire naturelle\u003c\/em\u003e was translated into many different languages, making him one of the most widely read authors of the day, a rival to \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montesquieu\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eMontesquieu\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rousseau\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eRousseau\u003c\/a\u003e, and \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voltaire\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eVoltaire\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn the opening volumes of the \u003cem\u003eHistoire naturelle\u003c\/em\u003e Buffon questioned the usefulness of mathematics, criticized \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl_Linnaeus\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eCarl Linnaeus\u003c\/a\u003e's taxonomical approach to natural history, outlined a history of the Earth with little relation to the Biblical account, and proposed a theory of reproduction that ran counter to the prevailing theory of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Preformationism\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003epre-existence\u003c\/a\u003e. The early volumes were condemned by the Faculty of Theology at the Sorbonne. Buffon published a retraction, but he continued publishing the offending volumes without any change.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn the course of his examination of the animal world, Buffon noted that despite similar environments, different regions have distinct plants and animals, a concept later known as Buffon's Law. This is considered to be the first principle of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biogeography\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ebiogeography\u003c\/a\u003e. He made the suggestion that species may have both \"improved\" and \"degenerated\" after dispersing from a center of creation. In volume 14 he argued that all the world's \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quadruped\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003equadrupeds\u003c\/a\u003e had developed from an original set of just thirty-eight quadrupeds.\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-6\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e On this basis, he is sometimes considered a \"transformist\" and a precursor of Darwin. He also asserted that \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate_change_(general_concept)\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eclimate change\u003c\/a\u003e may have facilitated the worldwide spread of species from their centers of origin. Still, interpreting his ideas on the subject is not simple, for he returned to topics many times in the course of his work\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBuffon considered the similarities between humans and apes, but ultimately rejected the possibility of a common descent. He debated with \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eJames Burnett, Lord Monboddo\u003c\/a\u003e on the relationship of the primates to man, Monboddo insisting, against Buffon, on a close relationship.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eAt one point, Buffon propounded a theory that nature in the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_World\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eNew World\u003c\/a\u003e was inferior to that of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eurasia\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eEurasia\u003c\/a\u003e. He argued that the Americas were lacking in large and powerful creatures, and that even the people were less virile than their European counterparts. He ascribed this inferiority to the marsh odors and dense forests of the American continent. These remarks so incensed \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Jefferson\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eThomas Jefferson\u003c\/a\u003e that he dispatched twenty soldiers to the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Hampshire\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eNew Hampshire\u003c\/a\u003e woods to find a bull \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moose\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003emoose\u003c\/a\u003e for Buffon as proof of the \"stature and majesty of American quadrupeds\".\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-bullmoose-8\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e Buffon later admitted his error.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn \u003cem\u003eLes époques de la nature\u003c\/em\u003e (1778) Buffon discussed the origins of the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solar_system\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003esolar system\u003c\/a\u003e, speculating that the planets had been created by a \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comet\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ecomet\u003c\/a\u003e's collision with the sun.\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-9\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e He also suggested that the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Age_of_the_Earth\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eearth originated\u003c\/a\u003e much earlier than 4004 BC, the date determined by Archbishop \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Ussher\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eJames Ussher\u003c\/a\u003e. Basing his figures on the cooling rate of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iron\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eiron\u003c\/a\u003e tested at his Laboratory the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Petit_Fontenet.JPG\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePetit Fontenet\u003c\/a\u003e at \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montbard\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eMontbard\u003c\/a\u003e, he calculated that the age of the earth was 75,000 years. Once again, his ideas were condemned by the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sorbonne\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eSorbonne\u003c\/a\u003e, and once again he issued a retraction to avoid further problems.\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-10\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[10]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eRacial studies\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBuffon and \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johann_Blumenbach\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eJohann Blumenbach\u003c\/a\u003e were believers in \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monogenism\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003emonogenism\u003c\/a\u003e, the concept that all races have a single origin. They also believed in the \"Degeneration theory\" of racial origins. They both said that \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adam_and_Eve\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eAdam and Eve\u003c\/a\u003e were \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caucasian_race\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eCaucasian\u003c\/a\u003e and that other races came about by \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Degeneration\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003edegeneration\u003c\/a\u003e from environmental factors, such as the sun and poor diet. They believed that the degeneration could be reversed if proper environmental control was taken, and that all contemporary forms of man could revert to the original \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caucasian_race\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eCaucasian race\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBuffon and Blumenbach claimed that \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pigmentation\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003epigmentation\u003c\/a\u003e arose because of the heat of the tropical sun. They suggested cold wind caused the tawny colour of the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eskimos\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eEskimos\u003c\/a\u003e. They thought the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_people\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eChinese\u003c\/a\u003e relatively fair-skinned compared to the other Asian stocks because they kept mostly in towns and were protected from environmental factors. Buffon said that food and the mode of living could make races degenerate and distinguish them from the original Caucasian race.\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-Harris-11\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[11]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBelieving in \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monogenism\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003emonogenism\u003c\/a\u003e, Buffon thought that skin color could change in a single lifetime, depending on the conditions of climate and diet. Buffon was an advocate of the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asia_hypothesis\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eAsia hypothesis\u003c\/a\u003e; in his \u003cem\u003eHistoire Naturelle\u003c\/em\u003e, he argued that humans' birthplace must be in a high temperate zone. As he believed good climate conditions would breed healthy humans, he hypothesized that the most logical place to look for the first humans' existence would be in Asia and around the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caspian_Sea\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eCaspian Sea\u003c\/a\u003e region.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32429575897174,"sku":"","price":100.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/lereiteletTc5_110.jpg?v=1618014020"},{"product_id":"bird-de-buffon-birds-by-george-louis-leclerc-comte-de-buffon-c-1791","title":"Bird: de Buffon,  Birds by George-Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon, c 1789","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBirds, George-Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDate: c1789\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePublisher: Leclerc George Louis\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEngraver: Pretre\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePaper Size: 155x245\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCondition: good, tonal markings on edges\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: steel engraving,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $100\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: original steel engraving, hand coloured\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Biography: \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eGeorges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 7 September 1707-16 April 1788 \u003c\/span\u003ewas a \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_people\"\u003eFrench\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_history\"\u003enaturalist\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mathematician\"\u003emathematician\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmology\"\u003ecosmologist\u003c\/a\u003e, and \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclop%C3%A9distes\"\u003eencyclopédiste\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eHis works influenced the next two generations of naturalists, including \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck\"\u003eJean-Baptiste Lamarck\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges_Cuvier\"\u003eGeorges Cuvier\u003c\/a\u003e. Buffon published thirty-six \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quarto\"\u003equarto\u003c\/a\u003e volumes of his \u003cem\u003e\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Histoire_Naturelle\"\u003eHistoire Naturelle\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e during his lifetime; with additional volumes based on his notes and further research being published in the two decades following his death.\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-1\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernst_Mayr\"\u003eErnst Mayr\u003c\/a\u003e wrote that \"Truly, Buffon was the father of all thought in natural history in the second half of the 18th century\".\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-Mayrp330-2\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBuffon held the position of \u003cem\u003eintendant\u003c\/em\u003e (director) at the Jardin du Roi, now called the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jardin_des_Plantes\"\u003eJardin des Plantes\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eGeorges Louis Leclerc (later Comte de Buffon) was born at \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montbard\"\u003eMontbard\u003c\/a\u003e, in the Province of \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burgundy_(historical_region)\"\u003eBurgundy\u003c\/a\u003e to Benjamin Francois Leclerc, a minor local official in charge of the salt tax and Anne-Christine Marlin also from a family of civil servants. Georges was named after his mother's uncle (his godfather) Georges Blaisot, the tax-farmer of the Duke of Savoy for all of \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sicily\"\u003eSicily\u003c\/a\u003e. In 1714 Blaisot died childless, leaving a considerable fortune to his seven-year-old godson. Benjamin Leclerc then purchased an estate containing the nearby village of Buffon and moved the family to Dijon acquiring various offices there as well as a seat in the Dijon Parlement.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eGeorges attended the Jesuit College of Godrans in Dijon from the age of ten onwards. From 1723–1726 he then studied law in Dijon, the prerequisite for continuing the family tradition in civil service. In 1728 Georges left Dijon to study mathematics and medicine at the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Angers\"\u003eUniversity of Angers\u003c\/a\u003e in France. At Angers in 1730 he made the acquaintance of the young English \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evelyn_Pierrepont,_2nd_Duke_of_Kingston-upon-Hull\"\u003eDuke of Kingston\u003c\/a\u003e, who was on his grand tour of Europe, and traveled with him on a large and expensive entourage for a year and a half through southern France and parts of Italy. Georges-Louis Leclerc had an elder brother, \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pierre_Daubenton\"\u003ePierre Daubenton\u003c\/a\u003e (1703–1776), who wrote numerous articles for the \u003cem\u003e\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclop%C3%A9die\"\u003eEncyclopédie\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e by \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Denis_Diderot\"\u003eDiderot\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eThere are persistent but completely undocumented rumors from this period about duels, abductions and secret trips to England. In 1732 after the death of his mother and before the impending remarriage of his father, Georges left Kingston and returned to Dijon to secure his inheritance. Having added 'de Buffon' to his name while traveling with the Duke, he repurchased the village of Buffon, which his father had meanwhile sold off. With a fortune of about 80 000 \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_livre\"\u003elivres\u003c\/a\u003e Buffon set himself up in Paris to pursue science, at first primarily mathematics and mechanics, and the increase of his fortune.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCareer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn 1732 he moved to \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris\"\u003eParis\u003c\/a\u003e, where he made the acquaintance of \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voltaire\"\u003eVoltaire\u003c\/a\u003e and other intellectuals. He first made his mark in the field of mathematics and, in his \u003cem\u003eSur le jeu de franc-carreau\u003c\/em\u003e, introduced differential and integral \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calculus\"\u003ecalculus\u003c\/a\u003e into \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Probability_theory\"\u003eprobability theory\u003c\/a\u003e; the problem of \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buffon%27s_needle\"\u003eBuffon's needle\u003c\/a\u003e in \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Probability_theory\"\u003eprobability theory\u003c\/a\u003e is named after him. In 1734 he was admitted to the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Academy_of_Sciences\"\u003eFrench Academy of Sciences\u003c\/a\u003e. During this period he corresponded with the Swiss mathematician \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gabriel_Cramer\"\u003eGabriel Cramer\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eHis protector \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_Count_of_Maurepas\"\u003eMaurepas\u003c\/a\u003e had asked the Academy of Sciences to do research on wood for the construction of ships in 1733. Soon afterward, Buffon began a long-term study, performing some of the most comprehensive tests to date on the mechanical properties of \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wood\"\u003ewood\u003c\/a\u003e. Included were a series of tests to compare the properties of small specimens with those of large members. After carefully testing more than a thousand small specimens without knots or other defects, Buffon concluded that it was not possible to extrapolate to the properties of full-size timbers, and he began a series of tests on full-size structural members.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn 1739 he was appointed head of the Parisian Jardin du Roi with the help of Maurepas; he held this position to the end of his life. Buffon was instrumental in transforming the Jardin du Roi into a major research centre and museum. He also enlarged it, arranging the purchase of adjoining plots of land and acquiring new botanical and zoological specimens from all over the world\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eThanks to his talent as a writer, he was invited to join Paris's second great academy, the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise\"\u003eAcadémie française\u003c\/a\u003e in 1753. In his \u003cem\u003eDiscours sur le style\u003c\/em\u003e (\"Discourse on Style\"), pronounced before the Académie française, he said, \"Writing well consists of thinking, feeling and expressing well, of clarity of mind, soul and taste ... The style is the man himself\" (\"\u003cem\u003eLe style c'est l'homme même\u003c\/em\u003e\").\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-3\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e Unfortunately for him, Buffon's reputation as a literary stylist also gave ammunition to his detractors: The mathematician \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean_le_Rond_D%27Alembert\"\u003eJean le Rond D'Alembert\u003c\/a\u003e, for example, called him \"the great phrase-monger\".\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn 1752 Buffon married Marie-Françoise de Saint-Belin-Malain, the daughter of an impoverished noble family from Burgundy, who was enrolled in the convent school run by his sister. Madame de Buffon's second child, a son born in 1764, survived childhood; she herself died in 1769. When in 1772 Buffon became seriously ill and the promise that his son (then only 8) should succeed him as director of the Jardin became clearly impracticable and was withdrawn, the King raised Buffon's estates in Burgundy to the status of a county – and thus Buffon (and his son) became a Count. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences\"\u003eAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences\u003c\/a\u003e in 1782.\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-AAAS-4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e Buffon died in Paris in 1788.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eHe was buried in a chapel adjacent to the church of Sainte-Urse Montbard; during the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Revolution\"\u003eFrench Revolution\u003c\/a\u003e, his tomb was broken into and the lead that covered the coffin was ransacked to produce bullets. His \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heart\"\u003eheart\u003c\/a\u003e was initially saved, as it was guarded by \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suzanne_Necker\"\u003eSuzanne Necker\u003c\/a\u003e (wife of \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacques_Necker\"\u003eJacques Necker\u003c\/a\u003e), but was later lost. Today, only Buffon's \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cerebellum\"\u003ecerebellum\u003c\/a\u003e remains, as it is kept in the base of the statue by \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pajou\"\u003ePajou\u003c\/a\u003e that \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_XVI\"\u003eLouis XVI\u003c\/a\u003e had commissioned in his honor in 1776, located at the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Museum_of_Natural_History\"\u003eMuseum of Natural History\u003c\/a\u003e in \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris\"\u003eParis\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublications\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBuffon's \u003cem\u003e\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Histoire_naturelle\"\u003eHistoire naturelle, générale et particulière\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e (1749–1788: in 36 volumes; an additional volume based on his notes appeared in 1789) was originally intended to cover all three \"kingdoms\" of nature but the \u003cem\u003eHistoire naturelle\u003c\/em\u003e ended up being limited to the animal and mineral kingdoms, and the animals covered were only the birds and quadrupeds. \"Written in a brilliant style, this work was read ... by every educated person in Europe\".\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-Mayrp330-2\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e Those who assisted him in the production of this great work included \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis-Jean-Marie_Daubenton\"\u003eLouis-Jean-Marie Daubenton\u003c\/a\u003e, Philibert Guéneau de Montbeillard, and Gabriel-Léopold Bexon, along with numerous artists. Buffon's \u003cem\u003eHistoire naturelle\u003c\/em\u003e was translated into many different languages, making him one of the most widely read authors of the day, a rival to \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montesquieu\"\u003eMontesquieu\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rousseau\"\u003eRousseau\u003c\/a\u003e, and \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voltaire\"\u003eVoltaire\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn the opening volumes of the \u003cem\u003eHistoire naturelle\u003c\/em\u003e Buffon questioned the usefulness of mathematics, criticized \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl_Linnaeus\"\u003eCarl Linnaeus\u003c\/a\u003e's taxonomical approach to natural history, outlined a history of the Earth with little relation to the Biblical account, and proposed a theory of reproduction that ran counter to the prevailing theory of \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Preformationism\"\u003epre-existence\u003c\/a\u003e. The early volumes were condemned by the Faculty of Theology at the Sorbonne. Buffon published a retraction, but he continued publishing the offending volumes without any change.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn the course of his examination of the animal world, Buffon noted that despite similar environments, different regions have distinct plants and animals, a concept later known as Buffon's Law. This is considered to be the first principle of \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biogeography\"\u003ebiogeography\u003c\/a\u003e. He made the suggestion that species may have both \"improved\" and \"degenerated\" after dispersing from a center of creation. In volume 14 he argued that all the world's \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quadruped\"\u003equadrupeds\u003c\/a\u003e had developed from an original set of just thirty-eight quadrupeds.\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e On this basis, he is sometimes considered a \"transformist\" and a precursor of Darwin. He also asserted that \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate_change_(general_concept)\"\u003eclimate change\u003c\/a\u003e may have facilitated the worldwide spread of species from their centers of origin. Still, interpreting his ideas on the subject is not simple, for he returned to topics many times in the course of his work\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBuffon considered the similarities between humans and apes, but ultimately rejected the possibility of a common descent. He debated with \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo\"\u003eJames Burnett, Lord Monboddo\u003c\/a\u003e on the relationship of the primates to man, Monboddo insisting, against Buffon, on a close relationship.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eAt one point, Buffon propounded a theory that nature in the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_World\"\u003eNew World\u003c\/a\u003e was inferior to that of \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eurasia\"\u003eEurasia\u003c\/a\u003e. He argued that the Americas were lacking in large and powerful creatures, and that even the people were less virile than their European counterparts. He ascribed this inferiority to the marsh odors and dense forests of the American continent. These remarks so incensed \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Jefferson\"\u003eThomas Jefferson\u003c\/a\u003e that he dispatched twenty soldiers to the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Hampshire\"\u003eNew Hampshire\u003c\/a\u003e woods to find a bull \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moose\"\u003emoose\u003c\/a\u003e for Buffon as proof of the \"stature and majesty of American quadrupeds\".\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-bullmoose-8\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e Buffon later admitted his error.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eIn \u003cem\u003eLes époques de la nature\u003c\/em\u003e (1778) Buffon discussed the origins of the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solar_system\"\u003esolar system\u003c\/a\u003e, speculating that the planets had been created by a \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comet\"\u003ecomet\u003c\/a\u003e's collision with the sun.\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e He also suggested that the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Age_of_the_Earth\"\u003eearth originated\u003c\/a\u003e much earlier than 4004 BC, the date determined by Archbishop \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Ussher\"\u003eJames Ussher\u003c\/a\u003e. Basing his figures on the cooling rate of \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iron\"\u003eiron\u003c\/a\u003e tested at his Laboratory the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Petit_Fontenet.JPG\"\u003ePetit Fontenet\u003c\/a\u003e at \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montbard\"\u003eMontbard\u003c\/a\u003e, he calculated that the age of the earth was 75,000 years. Once again, his ideas were condemned by the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sorbonne\"\u003eSorbonne\u003c\/a\u003e, and once again he issued a retraction to avoid further problems.\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[10]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eRacial studies\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBuffon and \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johann_Blumenbach\"\u003eJohann Blumenbach\u003c\/a\u003e were believers in \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monogenism\"\u003emonogenism\u003c\/a\u003e, the concept that all races have a single origin. They also believed in the \"Degeneration theory\" of racial origins. They both said that \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adam_and_Eve\"\u003eAdam and Eve\u003c\/a\u003e were \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caucasian_race\"\u003eCaucasian\u003c\/a\u003e and that other races came about by \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Degeneration\"\u003edegeneration\u003c\/a\u003e from environmental factors, such as the sun and poor diet. They believed that the degeneration could be reversed if proper environmental control was taken, and that all contemporary forms of man could revert to the original \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caucasian_race\"\u003eCaucasian race\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBuffon and Blumenbach claimed that \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pigmentation\"\u003epigmentation\u003c\/a\u003e arose because of the heat of the tropical sun. They suggested cold wind caused the tawny colour of the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eskimos\"\u003eEskimos\u003c\/a\u003e. They thought the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_people\"\u003eChinese\u003c\/a\u003e relatively fair-skinned compared to the other Asian stocks because they kept mostly in towns and were protected from environmental factors. Buffon said that food and the mode of living could make races degenerate and distinguish them from the original Caucasian race.\u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon#cite_note-Harris-11\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e[11]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eBelieving in \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monogenism\"\u003emonogenism\u003c\/a\u003e, Buffon thought that skin color could change in a single lifetime, depending on the conditions of climate and diet. Buffon was an advocate of the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asia_hypothesis\"\u003eAsia hypothesis\u003c\/a\u003e; in his \u003cem\u003eHistoire Naturelle\u003c\/em\u003e, he argued that humans' birthplace must be in a high temperate zone. As he believed good climate conditions would breed healthy humans, he hypothesized that the most logical place to look for the first humans' existence would be in Asia and around the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caspian_Sea\"\u003eCaspian Sea\u003c\/a\u003e region.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32429598867542,"sku":"","price":100.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/DeBuffonforHistoireNaturellec1820_95140x230TheManakinvariYellowhood.jpg?v=1618013736"},{"product_id":"bird-pheasants-and-guinea-fowl-from-europe-illustrated-published-by-london-printing-and-publishing-company-c1842","title":"Bird ,Pheasants and Guinea Fowl,  from Europe Illustrated, Published by London Printing and Publishing Company c1842","description":"\u003cp\u003eDate: c 1842\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: Unknown from Europe Illustrated,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEngraver: Unknown from Europe Illustrated\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePrint Size: 235 x 155mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCondition: good\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: Copperplate Engraving\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $150\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: very nice copperplate engraving of pheasants and guinea fowl with later hand colouring\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32442028032086,"sku":null,"price":150.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-LondonPrinting_PublishingCompanyLtdforEuropeIllustrated-c1842-Pheasants_GuineaFowl-_150-180x260mm.jpg?v=1588901835"},{"product_id":"bird-wood-t-w-eared-pheasant","title":"Bird, Wood, T W,  Eared Pheasant,","description":"\u003cp\u003eDate: c1881\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: Wood, TW\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEngraver: Butterworth and Heath\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePrint Size: 280 x 230mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCondition: good\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: original wood engraving\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice :$250\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescripton: Original wood engraving with later hand colouring Very attractive print\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32442128990294,"sku":"","price":250.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-WoodT.W-EaredPheasant-woodengButterworthandHeath-handcoloured-c1881_250-270x320mm.jpg?v=1588902891"},{"product_id":"bird-wood-t-w-the-monaul","title":"Bird, Wood, T W,  The Monaul c1881","description":"\u003cp\u003eDate: c1881\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: Wood, TW\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEngraver: Butterworth and Heath\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePrint Size: 280 x 230mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCondition: good\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: original wood engraving\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice :$250\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescripton: Original wood engraving with later hand colouring Very attractive print, One of a pair\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32442132856918,"sku":null,"price":250.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-WoodT.W-MonaulPheasant-WoodengButterworthandHeath-handcoloured-c1881_250-270x320mm.jpg?v=1588903012"},{"product_id":"bird-gould-john-1875-1888","title":"Bird, Gould John, Ptilinopus Ewingi, REPRODUCTION, 1955","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis is a reproduction of a rare \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/collections\/john-gould-birds\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJohn Gould\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e print — PTILINOPUS EWINGI, 1955.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003ch3\u003eAbout the Artist\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eJohn Gould (1804–1881) was one of the most celebrated ornithological illustrators of the 19th century, often called the \"Bird Man\" of Victorian England. His landmark work \u003cem\u003eThe Birds of Australia\u003c\/em\u003e (1840–1848) introduced the world to Australia's extraordinary avian life, while his broader body of work spanning Europe, Asia and the Americas set the gold standard for natural history illustration. Gould's prints are prized by collectors worldwide for their extraordinary scientific accuracy, vivid hand-finished colouring, and their role in shaping our understanding of natural history.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/latest\/john-gould-the-birds-of-great-britain\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRead the full John Gould biography →\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFeatures:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThis reproduction is a true representation of the original print and has very slight age markings\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrinted on museum quality matte paper\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf you have any questions about our wall art prints please \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/pages\/contact-us\" target=\"_blank\"\u003econtact our friendly Customer Care team\u003c\/a\u003e prior to placing your order and they will be more than happy to help!\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32480921649238,"sku":"","price":50.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-PtilinopusEwingii-byJ.Gould_HCRichter_bf3a98c2-ebbf-4dcf-a99f-2abdc3193db4.jpg?v=1589241040"},{"product_id":"bird-gould-john-ptilinopus-ewingi-1875-1888","title":"Bird, Gould John, Trogun Collaris REPRODUCTION, 1955","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis is a reproduction of a rare \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/collections\/john-gould-birds\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJohn Gould\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e print — TROGON COLLARIS, 1955.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003ch3\u003eAbout the Artist\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eJohn Gould (1804–1881) was one of the most celebrated ornithological illustrators of the 19th century, often called the \"Bird Man\" of Victorian England. His landmark work \u003cem\u003eThe Birds of Australia\u003c\/em\u003e (1840–1848) introduced the world to Australia's extraordinary avian life, while his broader body of work spanning Europe, Asia and the Americas set the gold standard for natural history illustration. Gould's prints are prized by collectors worldwide for their extraordinary scientific accuracy, vivid hand-finished colouring, and their role in shaping our understanding of natural history.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/latest\/john-gould-the-birds-of-great-britain\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRead the full John Gould biography →\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFeatures:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThis reproduction is a true representation of the original print and has very slight age markings\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrinted on museum quality matte paper\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf you have any questions about our wall art prints please \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/pages\/contact-us\" target=\"_blank\"\u003econtact our friendly Customer Care team\u003c\/a\u003e prior to placing your order and they will be more than happy to help!\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32480929316950,"sku":"","price":50.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-TrogonCollarisbyJ_EGould_058e2673-841b-4209-abb7-876115f5f18c.jpg?v=1589240039"},{"product_id":"bird-gould-john-trogun-temnurus-1875-1888","title":"Bird, Gould, John, Trogun Temnurus, Reproduction, c1955","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis is a reproduction of a rare \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/collections\/john-gould-birds\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJohn Gould\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e print — TROGON TEMNURUS, c1955.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003ch3\u003eAbout the Artist\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eJohn Gould (1804–1881) was one of the most celebrated ornithological illustrators of the 19th century, often called the \"Bird Man\" of Victorian England. His landmark work \u003cem\u003eThe Birds of Australia\u003c\/em\u003e (1840–1848) introduced the world to Australia's extraordinary avian life, while his broader body of work spanning Europe, Asia and the Americas set the gold standard for natural history illustration. Gould's prints are prized by collectors worldwide for their extraordinary scientific accuracy, vivid hand-finished colouring, and their role in shaping our understanding of natural history.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/latest\/john-gould-the-birds-of-great-britain\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRead the full John Gould biography →\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFeatures:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThis reproduction is a true representation of the original print and has very slight age markings\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrinted on museum quality matte paper\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf you have any questions about our wall art prints please \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/pages\/contact-us\" target=\"_blank\"\u003econtact our friendly Customer Care team\u003c\/a\u003e prior to placing your order and they will be more than happy to help!\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32480942850134,"sku":"","price":50.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-TrogonTemnurus-J_EGould.jpg?v=1589240244"},{"product_id":"bird-gould-john-trogun-temnurus-1875-1889","title":"Bird, Gould John, Humming Birds, c1955, Reproduction","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis is a reproduction of a rare \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/collections\/john-gould-birds\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJohn Gould\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e print — Humming Birds, c1955.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003ch3\u003eAbout the Artist\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eJohn Gould (1804–1881) was one of the most celebrated ornithological illustrators of the 19th century, often called the \"Bird Man\" of Victorian England. His five-volume masterpiece \u003cem\u003eA Monograph of the Trochilidae, or Family of Humming-Birds\u003c\/em\u003e (1849–1861) remains one of the most breathtaking natural history publications ever produced, capturing over 360 species in extraordinary detail. Gould's prints are prized by collectors worldwide for their extraordinary scientific accuracy, vivid hand-finished colouring, and their role in shaping our understanding of natural history.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/latest\/john-gould-the-birds-of-great-britain\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRead the full John Gould biography →\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFeatures:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThis reproduction is a true representation of the original print and has very slight age markings\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrinted on museum quality matte paper\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf you have any questions about our wall art prints please \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/pages\/contact-us\" target=\"_blank\"\u003econtact our friendly Customer Care team\u003c\/a\u003e prior to placing your order and they will be more than happy to help!\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32480949239894,"sku":"","price":50.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-SpathuraSolstitialis-J.Gould_W.Hart.jpg?v=1589240821"},{"product_id":"bird-scissor-grinder-north-alfred-john-1922","title":"Bird, North, Alfred John, Bronze Cuckoo, Insectiverous Birds of NSW, 1896-7","description":"\u003cp\u003eAustralian Bird\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDate: 1896- 1897\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: North Alfred John\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublisher North Alfred John: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePaper Size: 150 x 240mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCondition: good\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: chromolithograph\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $70\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Would look great as a group hung together\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance:\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsectiverous Birds of New South Wales\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOriginally published in the New South Wales Agricultural Gazette in 5 parts. Only parts 1 and 2 were published as separates\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTo read about \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNorth, Alfred John\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/alfred-john-north\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32481099677782,"sku":"","price":70.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-TheBronzeCuckoo-1921.jpg?v=1589243349"},{"product_id":"bird-bronze-cuckoo-north-alfred-john-1921","title":"Bird, White Fronted Chat, North, Alfred John,1921","description":"\u003cp\u003eDate: 1896- 1897\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: North Alfred John\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublisher North Alfred John: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePaper Size: 150 x 230mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCondition: good\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: chromolithograph\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $50\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Would look great as a group hung together\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance:\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsectiverous Birds of New South Wales\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOriginally published in the New South Wales Agricultural Gazette in 5 parts. Only parts 1 and 2 were published as separates\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTo read about \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNorth, Alfred John\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/alfred-john-north\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32481136771158,"sku":"","price":50.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-WhiteFrontedChat-1921.jpg?v=1589244007"},{"product_id":"copy-of-bird-white-fronted-chat-north-alfred-john-1921","title":"Bird, White Winged Chough, North, Alfred John,1921","description":"\u003cp\u003eDate: 1896- 1897\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: North Alfred John\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublisher North Alfred John: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePaper Size: 150 x 230mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCondition: good\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: chromolithograph\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $50\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Would look great as a group hung together\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance:\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsectiverous Birds of New South Wales\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOriginally published in the New South Wales Agricultural Gazette in 5 parts. Only parts 1 and 2 were published as separates.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTo read about \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNorth, Alfred John\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/alfred-john-north\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32481144504406,"sku":"","price":50.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-WhiteWingedChough-1921.jpg?v=1589244077"},{"product_id":"bird-white-winged-chough-alfred-john-1921","title":"Bird, White Eyed Crow or Raven, North, Alfred John,1921","description":"\u003cp\u003eDate: 1896- 1897\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: North Alfred John\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublisher North Alfred John: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePaper Size: 150 x 230mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCondition: good\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: chromolithograph\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $50\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Would look great as a group hung together\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance:\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsectiverous Birds of New South Wales\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOriginally published in the New South Wales Agricultural Gazette in 5 parts. Only parts 1 and 2 were published as separates\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTo read about \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNorth, Alfred John\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/alfred-john-north\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32481154924630,"sku":"","price":50.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Birds-White-eyedCroworRaven-1921.jpg?v=1589244274"},{"product_id":"bird-black-breasted-plover-alfred-john-1921","title":"Bird, North Alfred John, Mallee Fowl, Insectivorous Birds of NSW,1921","description":"\u003cp\u003eDate: 1921\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: North Alfred John\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublisher North Alfred John: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePaper Size: 150 x 230mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCondition: good\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: chromolithograph\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $50\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Would look great as a group hung together\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance:\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsectiverous Birds of New South Wales\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOriginally published in the New South Wales Agricultural Gazette in 5 parts. Only parts 1 and 2 were published as separates\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTo read about \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNorth, Alfred John\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/alfred-john-north\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32481172422742,"sku":"","price":50.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/TheMalleeFowl.jpg?v=1589244537"},{"product_id":"copy-of-bird-mallee-fowl-alfred-john-1921","title":"Bird, Spur Winged Plover, North, Alfred John,1921","description":"\u003cp\u003eDate: 1896- 1897\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: North Alfred John\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublisher North Alfred John: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePaper Size: 150 x 230mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCondition: good\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: chromolithograph\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $50\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Would look great as a group hung together\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance:\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsectiverous Birds of New South Wales\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOriginally published in the New South Wales Agricultural Gazette in 5 parts. Only parts 1 and 2 were published as separates\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTo read about \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNorth, Alfred John\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/alfred-john-north\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32481178976342,"sku":"","price":50.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/TheSpur-WingedPlover.jpg?v=1589244623"},{"product_id":"bird-white-throated-nightjar-alfred-john-1921","title":"Bird, White Throated Nightjar, North, Alfred John,1921","description":"\u003cp\u003eDate: 1896- 1897\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: North Alfred John\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublisher North Alfred John: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePaper Size: 150 x 230mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCondition: good\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: chromolithograph\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $50\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Would look great as a group hung together\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance:\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsectiverous Birds of New South Wales\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOriginally published in the New South Wales Agricultural Gazette in 5 parts. Only parts 1 and 2 were published as separates\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTo read about \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNorth, Alfred John\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/alfred-john-north\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32481183727702,"sku":"","price":50.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Thewhite-throatednightjar.jpg?v=1589244711"},{"product_id":"birds-diggles-silvester-aganthiza-published-in-brisbane-1866-1870","title":"Bird, Diggles Silvester, Ptilotis Honey Eaters, Published in Brisbane, 1866-1870","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSilvester Diggles\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eDate: 1866 - 1870\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eArtist: Silvester Diggles \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePublished: Brisbane\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePaper Size: 275mm x 370mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePrice: $350\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eCondition: Excellent \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eTechnique: Original lithograph with later hand colouring.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eDescription: Group of 5 birds. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eTo read about Diggles, Silvester \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/silvester-diggles-1817-1880\" style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32481280720982,"sku":"","price":350.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/HoneyEaters.jpg?v=1589246301"},{"product_id":"birds-diggles-silvester-ptilotis-or-honey-eaters-published-in-brisbane-1866-1870","title":"Bird, Diggles Silvester, Fly Catchers, Published in Brisbane, 1866-1870","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSilvester Diggles\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eDate: 1866 - 1870\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eArtist: Silvester Diggles \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePublished: Brisbane\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePaper Size: 275mm x 370mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePrice: $250\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eCondition: Excellent \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eTechnique: Original lithograph with later hand colouring.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eDescription: Group of 4 birds. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eTo read about Diggles, Silvester \u003ca style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/silvester-diggles-1817-1880\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32481294942294,"sku":"","price":250.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/Fly-Catchers.jpg?v=1589246360"},{"product_id":"bird-frohawk-frederick-w-cape-canary-and-sulphur-colored-seed-eater-africa","title":"Bird, Frohawk, Frederick W, Cape Canary and Sulphur Coloured Seed Eater, Africa, c1896","description":"\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eFrederick Frohawk\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eDate: c1896\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eArtist: Frohawk Frederick\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePublisher: John Bale Sons and Danielsson Ltd, London\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePaper Size: 180 x 265mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eCondition: very good. Very slight discolouration about halfway along the top \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eTechnique: original lithograph printed in colour\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003ePrice: $95\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eDescription: Original lithograph printed in colour\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003eTo read about Frohawk, Frederick W \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/frohawk-frederick-w\" style=\"color: #000000;\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/frohawk-frederick-w\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32554560290902,"sku":"","price":95.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/CapeCanary.jpg?v=1589945036"},{"product_id":"bird-frohawk-frederick-w-scarlet-tangier-africa","title":"Bird, Frohawk, Frederick W, Scarlet Tangier, Africa, c1896","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFredrick W. Frohawk\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDate: c1896\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtist: Frohawk Frederick\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePublisher: John Bale Sons and Danielsson Ltd, London\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePaper Size: 180 x 265mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCondition: very good. Very slight discolouration about halfway along the top \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnique: original lithograph printed in colour\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrice: $95\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription: Original lithograph printed in colour\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTo read about Frohawk, Frederick W \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/frohawk-frederick-w\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/blogs\/news\/frohawk-frederick-w\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eclick here.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquarian Print Shop","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32554576117846,"sku":"","price":95.0,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/products\/ScarletTangier.jpg?v=1589945192"}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1617\/1641\/collections\/IMG_2172.jpg?v=1693961929","url":"https:\/\/antiquarianprintshop.com\/collections\/birds.oembed?page=5","provider":"Antiquarian Print Shop","version":"1.0","type":"link"}